1. Articulations A. Classification of joints 1. Structural classification 1. Structural classification 2. Functional classification 2. Functional classification B. Diarthroses (freely movable joints) B. Diarthroses (freely movable joints) 1. Structure of a diarthrosis 1. Structure of a diarthrosis 2. Contact and movement at a diarthrosis 2. Contact and movement at a diarthrosis 3. Types of diarthroses 3. Types of diarthroses 4. Special movements at diarthroses 4. Special movements at diarthroses

2. Articulations 1. points of contact between bones, bone and cartilage, and bone and teeth 2. structure determines function

3. Range of Motion is Determined By 1. tightness of fit between bones 2. precise manner in which the bones fit together 3. tightness of the tissues that bind the bones of the joint together bones of the joint together 4. positions of the ligaments, muscles, and tendons surrounding the joint tendons surrounding the joint

4. Structural Classification of Joints 1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial

5. Functional Classification of Joints 1. synarthrosis 2. amphiarthrosis 3. diarthrosis

6. Diarthroses 1. synovial (joint) cavity 2. articular cartilage 3. articular capsule a. outer -- fibrous a. outer -- fibrous b. inner -- synovial membrane b. inner -- synovial membrane 4. synovial fluid 5. accessory ligaments a. extracapuslar a. extracapuslar b. intracapsular b. intracapsular 6. articular discs (menisci) 7. bursae

7. Diarthroses Continued 1. synovial (joint) cavity 2. articular cartilage 3. articular capsule a. outer -- fibrous a. outer -- fibrous b. inner -- synovial membrane b. inner -- synovial membrane 4. synovial fluid 5. accessory ligaments a. extracapuslar a. extracapuslar b. intracapsular b. intracapsular 6. articular discs (menisci) 7. bursae

8. Factors that contribute to keeping the articular surfaces of the bones of a synovial joint in contact with each other: 1. structure or shape of the articulating bones 2. strength and tension of the joint ligaments 3. arrangement and tension of muscles around the joint around the joint 4. apposition of soft parts 5. hormones (relaxin)

9. Movements Allowed By Diarthroses 1. gliding movements 2. angular movements a. flexion vs extension vs hyperextension a. flexion vs extension vs hyperextension b. adduction vs abduction b. adduction vs abduction 3. rotation movements 4. circumduction movements

10. Common Movements Flexion AdductionAbduction Extensionvs. Rotation Circumduction

11. Special Movements Allowed by Diarthroses 1. inversion vs eversion 2. protraction vs retraction 3. elevation vs depression 4. supination vs pronation 5. dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion inversioneversion protractionretraction elevation depression pronation dorsiflexionPlantar flexion