1. Energy Transformations and Global Interdependence Part I Non-Renewable Energy Sources: Availability, sources, mining/extraction, current uses, environmental impact, chemistry of hydrocarbon combustion and thermal dynamics, prospects for non- renewable energies in the future

2. Objectives: Energy Transformations and Global Interdependence ► ► Describe the availability, current uses and environmental issues related to the use of fossil and nuclear fuels to produce electricity. ► ► Explain how chemical and physical processes cause carbon to cycle through the major earth reservoirs.

3. Various sources of energy are used by humans and all have advantages and disadvantages.

4. Renewable vs. Non-renewable Energy Sources

6. Non-Renewable Energy

7. Non-Renewable Resources

8. Fossil Fuels: ► Formed by the decaying remains of ancient plants and animals ► Took millions of years to produce ► Obtained energy originally from the sun ► Combustion produces CO 2 and other pollutants ► Generates most of the energy that is used each day ► Non-renewable: not easily replaced by natural processes

9. Fossil Fuels availability current uses & environmental issues

10. These websites contain additional notes and some have videos that provide alternative lectures as well as visual information ► http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/fossilfu els.htm http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/fossilfu els.htm http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/fossilfu els.htm ► http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?vide o_id=40991 http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?vide o_id=40991 http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?vide o_id=40991 ► http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Category.a spx?CategoryID=2484 http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Category.a spx?CategoryID=2484 http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Category.a spx?CategoryID=2484

13. Calorimetry Lab Please read this lab and take any necessary notes in your lab notebook. This is the first lab in a series of quantitative energy labs. We will focus on careful lab techniques that will Hopefully result in reliable data. Make the data table from the lab in your lab notebook http://www.rocklin.k12.ca.us/staff /lbrun/chemweb/Unit_9/Calorimet ry_lab_2010.pdf http://www.rocklin.k12.ca.us/staff /lbrun/chemweb/Unit_9/Calorimet ry_lab_2010.pdf

14. The combustion reactions of hydrocarbons

15. Fossil Fuels : a concentrated energy source ► Burning fossil fuels : C and H atoms combine with O 2 molecules to form CO 2 and H 2 O ► This process converts the CHEMICAL Potential Energy stored in in the bonds to heat and light energy

16. Hydrocarbon Combustion ► Hydrocarbons release CO 2 and H 2 O When burned, example: ► CH 4 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O

17. Complete Combustion of hydrocarbons: excess O 2 (g) products are CO 2 (g) & H 2 O(g) burns with clean flame

18. INCOMPLETE HYDROCARBON COMBUSTION insufficient O 2 (g), that is, excess hydrocarbon products are either CO(g) and/or C(s) and H 2 O(g) burns with smoky flame

20. Climate Change EPA http://www.epa.gov/climatechang e/ http://www.epa.gov/climatechang e/

21. Amount of energy released by burning one gram of fuel ► Burning 1kg of coal releases 2 to 3 times the energy of 1kg of wood ► Fossil fuel energy is more concentrated compared to other fuels

23. Energy Usage in the United States ► Almost 85% comes from burning petroleum, coal, and natural gas

24. Petroluem – Crude Oil ► Mixture of thousands of chemical compounds ► Most are hydrocarbons ► ~15% are used to make plastics, synthetic fabrics, lubricants asphalt ► Separated by Fractional Distillation

25. Fractional distillation ► http://science.howstuffworks.com/envir onmental/energy/oil-refining4.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/envir onmental/energy/oil-refining4.htm

26. Natural Gas ► Mostly Methane—CH 4 ► Found at the top of petroleum deposits ► Burned to provide energy for cooking, heating and manufacturing ► Contains MORE energy per kilogram than petroleum or coal

27. Coal ► Originate from ancient swamps, mostly plant materials ► Greater abundance of coal worldwide( 20 to 40 times the supply of petroleum) ► Solid fuel found in mines ► About 90% of all coal used in the US is burned to generate electricity ► Highly pollutant: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury are emitted when burned

28. In Summary, fossil fuels are: ► Naturally occurring substances found on earth’s surface ► Produced from the decayed remains of organic matter from millions of years ago ► Mainly made of carbon or hydrocarbon compounds ► Found as coal, oil and natural gas

29. Pros to non-renewables ► High caloric value; produces a lot of energy ► Combustable, but highly stable ► High efficiency fuels ► Available: found easily on the surface of earth ► Easily refined and mined ► Relatively cheap source of energy ► Easily transported

30. Cons to non-renewable resources ► Large amount of CO 2 is released when burned ► Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas ► Acid rain is formed as a consequence of burning fossil fuels and release of SO 2 ► Mining destroys landscape for future uses ► Non-renewable means less supply and more demand in future

31. Next … How are non-renewable resources obtained, refined, and used