1. The Rise of Nationalism
Aftermath of WWI
The Rise of Nationalism

2. Nationalism in the Middle East

3. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire had been steadily growing weaker in the 19th century, with the lost of territories like Greece and Egypt
After Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers, the British tried to undermine them by encouraging Arab nationalism
T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) supported Arab independence
Ottoman Empire eventually made peace with the Allies in October 1918, after 300,000 deaths

4. Armenian Genocide
Ottoman Turks alienated the Allies with the oppressive policies towards minorities, especially Armenians
1915  Ottoman Empire accused Armenians of supporting the Russians and used the allegations to kill and exile all Armenians
Within 7 months, 600,000 Armenians were killed; 500,000 were deported  400,000 of the deportees died marching through the deserts and swamps of Syria
Genocide  deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group
Later became known as ethnic cleansing

6. The Turkish Republic
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, France and Britain made plans to divide up the empire
Only Turkey remained under Ottoman control
Greece invaded Turkey and seized parts of the Anatolian Peninsula
Colonel Mustafa Kemel  summoned a national Congress which called for the creation of an elected government and a republic of Turkey
1923  last Ottoman sultan fled the nation and Turkey officially became a republic

7. Middle East Changes
Modernization of Turkey  President Kemel became known as Atatürk (father turk)
Eliminated Arab elements from Turkish language, citizens had to adopt a last name, established factories using a five-year plan, tried to break from Islam by turning Turkey into a secular state
Beginnings of a modern Iran
Growing foreign influence led to a Persian nationalist movement
1921  Reza Khan established himself as shah (king), became known as Reza Shah Pahlavi
Introduced reforms into Persia to modernize the military, government, and economic system
Nation became known as Iran in 1935

8. Arab Nationalism
Arabs, although united by a similar language and heritage, were not a nation
Mandate system following WWI led to foreign rule over Arab states of Palestine, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon
Ibn Saud  reform leader that united Arabs in the northern part of Arabian Peninsula
Established Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932
Discovery of oil soon made the new nation wealthy

9. Problem of Palestine
Jews were forced out of Palestine in the 1st century CE
Muslim Arabs made up 80% of population
Since 1890s, Zionist movement wanted Palestine to be the home of the Jews, as the ancient state of Israel was there
Balfour Declaration  Issued by the British; expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine
Jews began to flee to Palestine, causing tension between them and the Arab population

10. Nationalism in Africa and Asia

11. African Independence Movements
Which the education received by missionaries and knowledge learned during WWI, Africans began to protest against European colonial rule
Nigeria  king of Lagos and educated Africans wanted a democratic government
Kenya  Issues concerned the redistribution of land
Kikuyu (protest group) on intent on blocking further land confiscation
Libya  Omar Mukhtar used Guerilla forces to wage war against the Italians

12. New Leaders
Influenced by the ideas of Americans W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey
Du Bois encouraged the awareness of cultural heritage and Garvey stressed the importance of Pan-Africanism (unity of all Africans)
Jomo Kenyatta argued that British rule was destroying the traditional culture of the peoples of Africa
Léopold Senghor organized an independence movement in Senegal
Nnamdi Azikiwe, of Nigeria, urged non-violence for independence

13. Revolution in Asia
Lenin spread the words of Karl Marx throughout Asia using the Communist International, Comintern
In French Indochina, Communist parties worked with the Nationalist parties to get rid of European rule
Ho Chi Minh organized the Vietnamese Communists in the 1920s
Communist parties also formed in China

14. Indian Independence
Mohandas Gandhi was active in the Indian National Congress and the movement towards independence before WWI
Became known as Mahatma, or “Great Soul”
Gandhi left South Africa in 1914 and returned to India
Used civil disobedience  refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust

15. Amritsar Massacre
A group of over one thousand Indians gathered in Amritsar of a peaceful protest of British rule on April 13, 1919
50 Indian Army soldiers, led by General Dyer, opened fire on the unarmed Indians
The Indians could not escape from the shooting, so men, women, and children were all killed
An estimated 400 were killed and 1,100 were injured

16. Push for Independence
1935  Government of India Act, a British act that allowed for more Indians in government
Motilal Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress (INC) wanted full independence
Gandhi practiced non-violence to gain independence
“Don’t pay your taxes or send your children to a British supported school… make your own cotton cloth by spinning the thread at home, and don’t buy English-made goods. Provide yourself with home-made salt and do not buy government-made salt”

17. Salt March
British had increased the salt tax and prohibited the Indians from manufacturing or harvesting their own salt
1930  Gandhi organized followers to march from Ahmedabad to Dandi
It took 24 days and lasted for 240 miles
Gandhi was arrested at the Dharasana Salt Works for producing salt and breaking the law

19. New Leaders and Problems
Jawaharlal Nehru began leader of the INC in the 1930s
Indian independence movement split into two paths  one following Gandhi (religious, traditional, and Indian), on following Nehru (secular, modern, and western)
Hostility between Hindus and Muslims was growing
Muslims were dissatisfied with the Hindu dominance of the INC
Muslim League, led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, believed in the creation of a separate Muslim state in Pakistan
Hostility eventually led to the assassination of Gandhi by a Hindu nationalist who believed Gandhi was weakening India by giving into Muslim demands

20. Militarist Japan
Zaibatsu Economy  various manufacturing processes were concentrated within a single large financial and industrial corporation
By 1937, four large zaibatsu controlled almost all of the banking, mining, shipbuilding, and paper manufacturing in Japan
This led to economic inequalities
Inflation in food prices and rapid population increases after WWI led to food shortages
Hardships led to a call for a return to traditional Japanese values

21. Japan and the West
In the early 20th century, Japan had difficulty finding sources of raw materials and foreign markets
Before WWI, it used to seize territories like Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria
1922  United States held a major conference of nations with interests in the Pacific
Resulted in a nine-power treaty which recognized territorial integrity of China and the maintenance of the Open Door Policy; Japan agreed as long as they maintained southern Manchuria

22. Rise of Militarism
By the end of the 1920s, a militant group within the ruling party gained control of the political system
Made up of civilians who were convinced that the Western ideas had corrupted the parliamentary system and others were military members angered by the cuts in military spending and the government’s pacifism

23. Rise of Militarism
Civilians began to form extremist patriotic organizations, like the Black Dragon Society
A group of middle-level army officers invaded Manchuria in 1931
Japanese government opposed the conquest
Emperor Hirohito put Japan on wartime status and a military draft law was passed in 1938
Political parties were all merged into Imperial Rule Assistance Association
Education and culture were purged of all western ideas and militant leaders stressed Japanese traditions

24. Revolutionary Chaos in China