1. crusades.boisestate.edu/Byzantium/ The Imperial Symbol of the Roman Empire. The three vertical sections represent the three Persons of the Holy Trinity, the color gold represents the glory of heaven, the two purple bars represent the two natures of Christ and His two comings. The color purple represents the color of royalty. The color red represents the blood of Christ and of the martyrs, the cross represents the death of Christ as the center of all human history, and the chi-rho overlapping the cross are the first two letters in Christ.

2. I. Growth of the Empire 1. Emperors = Dictators a. Military rule b. Strict control over Church -Eastern Orthodox 2. Fought to protect territory a. North: Germanic tribes b. East: Muslims

3. I. Growth of the Empire continued… 3. Emperor Justinian a. Increased territory -Italy, Spain b. Code of Justinian -universal laws c. Effective ruler -after his death: -Byzantium lost power Justinian

4. II. Fall of the Byzantine Empire 1100’s AD 1. Turkish Muslims Attacked 2. Emperor asked Pope for help a. Pope Urban II b. Council of Clermont -Crusades c. Crusaders got greedy -Captured Constantinople 3. 1453AD Turkish Ottomans Attacked a. End of Byzantine Empire b. Start of Ottoman Empire