1. Constantine moves capital to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) Germanic tribes (Franks and Goths) raid and sack Rome “Fall” of Western Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire! Justinian becomes emperor Taxpayer revolt – crushed by Justinian Byzantine Empire falls to Ottoman Turks 1054 Catholic Church splits- Roman Catholic (West) & Eastern Orthodox (East) Rise of Culture and Cultural Diffusion Dark ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages

2. The Byzantine Empire The “New Rome”

4. Byzantine Empire After the Western Roman Empire fell to German barbarian invasions in the 5th century, the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople, repelled the invasions and went on to survive for 1000 more years Known by historians as the Byzantine Empire Played important role in – preserving and spreading the culture of ancient Greeks and Romans

5. Ventre’s adventures

9. Constantinople: A Strategic City Where Europe & Asia Meet

10.  Located on a peninsula that overlooked the Bosporus Strait  Controlled movement between Mediterranean & Black Seas  Key trade center between East & West

11. Fortifications Greek fire…  Natural protection from invaders: water on 3 sides  Triple Walls fortified open side  The Golden Horn – inlet could be blocked off with iron chains

13. Eastern Roman Empire  Politically: Highly centralized; emperor; superb military, defenses; Roman Law (theoretically innocent until proven guilty; evidence to convict)  Economically: trade crossroads= prospered; but also had excellent agricultural production & manufacturing  Culturally: uniform church (enforced – heretics persecuted); church subject to Emperor in practice; art/architecture

14. Justinian & Theodora – Justinian & Theodora – ruled Byz. Empire 527-565 CE  Why did the Byzantine Empire develop this way?  Why did it eventually collapse? Muslim Ottoman Turks Muslim Ottoman Turks Conq. Constantinople 1453 CE

15. Justinian and Theodora  Justinian was a 6th century Byzantine Emperor – Theodora, his wife, was very influential in his reign  Theodora urged Justinian to give women more rights – own land, business, protection from spousal abuse  Theodora encouraged Justinian not to flee when taxpayers revolted (Nika Rebellion)  Justinian stayed and his army crushed the rebels

16. Justinian and Theodora <Justinian & wife, Theodora <6 th century Emperor & Empress <Gave women more rights – own land, business, protection from spousal abuse < Justinian’s army : Put down Nika Rebellion & crushed rebels & heretics <Expanded the empire

17. Theodora Theodora & Her Attendants

18. Justinian Justinian and His Attendants

19. Belasarius Expands Empire  peasant with little military experience; Theodora’s friend  Led the troops that crushed Nika Rebellion  Appointed general of Byzantine armies which fought against the Vandals, Ostrogoths & Visigoths  Byzantines extended their rule in the west temporarily

20. Byzantine Art  Glorified religion  Icons – small religious paintings in homes, churches & shrines (Jesus, the Madonna, Saints)  Mosaics - pictures made of many tiny pieces of colored glass or flat stone set in plaster  Illuminated manuscripts  Subjects of Byzantine art appeared stiff and artificial with calm, meditative faces to inspire reverence - artists tried to preserve what they believed to be the true appearances of the religious figures

21. Byzantine Architecture  Greatest form of Byzantine art  Hagia Sophia, meaning “holy wisdom” Greatest masterpiece  Huge building in form of a cross  huge dome that rests on massive columns

24. Justinian’s Code  Justinian had Roman laws codified and classified  Omits repetitions, inconsistencies, and statutes dealing with Roman religion  Preserved Rome’s legal heritage and later became the basis for most European legal systems  Principles like innocent until proven guilty

25. Justinian’s Code  Justinian had Roman laws codified and classified  Preserved Rome’s legal heritage  Principles like innocent until proven guilty  later became the basis for most European legal systems

26. Justinian’s Accomplishments  Expanded the Empire  Created Justinian’s Code  Commissioned rebuilding of Hagia Sophia  Helped spread Christianity  Increased women’s rights

27. Fall of Constantinople  Ottoman Turks from central Asia attacked the Eastern provinces  In AD 1453 the Ottomans laid siege to Constantinople  fell to Mehmet II of the Ottoman Empire  After almost 1500 years, the Roman Empire ended

28. Legacy of the Byzantine Empire §Preserved writings of ancient Greeks and Romans and the importance of scholarship §Codified and preserved Roman Law (Code of Justinian) §Spread Christianity (Eastern Orthodox Church) to the Russians and other eastern Europeans §… cultural diffusion

29. §Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire – continued to spread into Europe §Weakened in the 18 th century; regions in Europe broke away in 19 th century §After World War I – end of the Ottoman Empire §Turkey moved capital to Ankara

31. Conflict in the Christian Church  Arguments over use of icons & Nature of Christ (monophysite vs dual) - (although eventually settled on the dual nature & persecuted monophysites as heretics)  AD 726 Byz Emperor ordered all icons removed from churches; Emperor’s supporters known as iconoclasts (image breakers)  All church leaders resisted order and were supported by the Roman Pope - so both sides used “images”

32. Conflict in the Church

33.  During the 8 th century a church controversy arose over the use of icons (religious images) in worship  Eastern church (Constantinople) vs. Western church (Rome)

35. Conflict in the Church  In AD 726 Emperor Leo III ordered the removal of all icons  Believed that they encouraged superstition & the worship of idols  Supporters known as iconoclasts, or icon breakers

36.  Church officials resisted the Emperor’s demands & were supported by the Roman Pope  Resulted in an argument over the true source of religious authority  Eastern church or western church? Conflict in the Church

37.  The Pope, in Rome, claimed that he was the supreme leader of church  The Patriarch, in Constantinople, claimed that he was the supreme leader of the church

38. Conflict in the Church  This controversy eventually resulted in a schism (separation) in 1054  Roman Catholic Church in the West & Eastern Orthodox Church in the East

39. Conflict in the Christian Church  Arguments over use of icons & Nature of Christ (monophysite vs dual) –  dual nature prevailed  persecuted monophysites as heretics  AD 726 Byz Emperor condemned icons; supporters: iconoclasts (image breakers)  All church leaders resisted order and were supported by the Roman Pope - so both sides used “images”  But causes rift

40. First split (schism) in Christendom  east and west argued over religious authority  Pope in Rome & Patriarch of Constantinople each declared their “seat” the supreme church authority +  Other differences in custom & ritual…  Eventually led to a schism in 1054 AD  Roman Catholic Church in West and Eastern Orthodox Church in East

41. 11th Century Crusaders  from western European kingdoms  helped defend the Empire from invading Muslims, the Seljuk Turks  But…in 4th crusade, crusaders burned and looted the city, stealing & destroying priceless manuscripts and works of art  Established a “Latin Empire” briefly in Constantinople (lasts until 1261AD)  weakened Constantinople

42. May 5, 2001 ! Orthodox Clerics Get Papal Apology May 5, 2001 ! news article: Pope John Paul II, in a sweeping statement of regret aimed at healing Christianity’s East-West divide, begged forgiveness for sins committed by Roman Catholics Pope John Paul II singled out the plunder of Constantinople, now Istanbul, as an example of Catholic sin. In an animated voice, he called it “disastrous” and “tragic” that assailants, who had set out to secure free access to Christians to the Holy Land, “turned against their own brothers in faith.”

43. Next: §How did early Russia develop & how was that development influenced by the Byzantine Empire? §Look at maps…

44. Early Russia Kievan Rus

46. Pink: Kievan Rus

47. The Kievan Rus §Kiev §Kiev developed along the Dnieper River- important trade route connecting Baltic Sea and Black Sea §Other geographic features l steppe - grassland plain stretching from central Asia to eastern Europe – many nomads/ traded animals l taiga - huge forested area north of the steppe/ honey, wax, furs

48. The Kievan Rus §Kiev §Kiev developed along the Dnieper River- important trade route connecting Baltic Sea and Black Sea §Byzantine goods & culture traveled along the river systems §Other geographic features l steppe – l taiga -

49. Steppe in southern Russia

50. §influenced by both Byzantines [south] and §Scandinavians (Vikings/Swedes/ “Varangians”) [north]

51. Kievan Rus language/nationality: Slavic Gov’t from Varangians? Principalities - area ruled by a prince Boyars - nobles (large landowners) farming & hunting main livelihood

52. Kievan Rus all influenced by the Byzantines Important Developments during the Kievan Rus all influenced by the Byzantines §Alphabet §religion §law code §Art/architecture

53. Cyrillic Alphabet §9 th century: Cyrillic Alphabet §alphabet for the Slavic languages § Named for St. Cyril, a Greek monk who, with Methodius, created a writing system to western slavic Christian converts in the mid- ninth century (c.860) §The Cyrillic alphabet is closely based on the Greek alphabet - with about a dozen additional letters invented to represent Slavic sounds not found in Greek.

54. Hello, I am called Ivan Selvia. Today I will study/learn the Russian language. Will you also study/learn?

55. 12th century Cyrillic script

56. Vladimir I Vladimir I 11 th century §Investigated various religions §adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity (because of Hagia Sophia’s magnificence §mass baptism for his subjects §married Byzantine princess §brought Byzantine culture to Kiev §Metropolitan (chief bishop) appointed

57. Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod

58. Yaroslav the wise (I) Yaroslav the wise (I) : Vladimir’s son §Established first school library law code (Russkaia Pravda) but Kiev declined after his death - became part of Mongol Empire

59. Russkaia Pravda:  Article 2 –If a man is bleeding or is blue from bruises, he does not need any eyewitness; if he has no sign [of injury] he is to produce an eyewitness; if he cannot, the matter ends there; if he cannot avenge himself he is to receive three grivnas, while the physician is to get an honorarium.

60. Russian Icon

61. Byzantine influence §alphabet adapted from Greek (Cyrillic) §Religion (Eastern Orthodox) §Law code - ish §art (icons) and architecture

62. After Yaroslav §Disorder & disunity §ca. 1250 - Conquered by the Mongols… for 240 years! §Little contact with central and western Europe