1. Industry: The 2 nd “I”

2. The Industrial Revolution Making the world more efficient

3. Pre Industrial Society During the 1700’s, production began to shift from simple hand tools to more complex machines New sources of energy began to replace animal and human power Up until around 1750, most people made their living on agriculture and never traveled beyond their village

4. The 3 factors leading to Industry: Factor #1 Factor # 1 :Agriculture Movement and innovations –New methods of farming and new ways to set up farms

5. Farming Innovators Charles Townsend ~ emphasized the need for crop rotation to get better use of the soil Jethro Tull ~ created the seed drill to ensure even plantings. http://www.danallosso.com/blog/files/seeddrill.gif

6. The Enclosure Movement As the farmers began to be more educated about farming, rich landowners wanted to get the most out of their land, resulting in the Enclosure Movement. In the second half of the 17th century, the English gentry (landowners) passed the Enclosure Acts, prohibiting peasants’ access to common lands and fencing it off to gain more pastures for animals.

7. The enclosure division of the town of Thetford, England around 1760 Several methods of enclosure proved popular, including growing hedges or putting up stone walls or wooden fences.

8. First to Industrialize The Importance of Textiles

9. The Domestic or “Putting Out” System The textile industry was the most important in England Most of the work was done in the home This changed with the establishment of factories

10. The Spinning Jenny Hargreaves’s machine

11. Factor # 2: Population Boom Factor # 2 : A Population Explosion throughout the world –Famine, war, and disease were common in Europe –these three problems began to be reduced significantly

12. Reasons for Population Boom 1.Advances in medicine, such as inoculation against smallpox 2.Improvements in sanitation 3.An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and epidemics, especially as transportation improved 4.Stricter Quarantine methods 5.The elimination of the Black Rat

13. Factor # 3: Energy Revolution Movement from animal and human power to water power made the use of new energy sources a focus for new industrialists. Water Frames for spinning and textiles Boiling water to create steam to use the pressure of steam, created even more efficient machinery and many more types of technology.

14. New Sources of Energy Water was the first most important new source of energy used by the early industrial markets. As technology developed, the steam engine was born and became the MOST IMPORTANT tool for new industry.

15. The NEED to create STEAM Steam = water + heat In order to create machines that could take the extensive heat-IRON How do you heat? Wood Coal

16. COAL Coal was a mineral that was readily available and when used properly, could be burned at a very high temperature that could produce high quality iron. This revolutionized industry

17. Transportation on Land The invention of the steam locomotive made it much easier for large products, large quantities and heavy materials to be moved more efficiently.

18. Transportation by SEA Steam ships also helped improve shipping on rivers and oceans.

19. Britain leads the way, but many will follow Great Britain’s advantages: Plentiful iron and coal A navigable river system A strong economy, providing merchants with capital to invest in new enterprises Colonies that supplied raw materials and bought finished goods A government that encouraged improvements in transportation and used its navy to protect British trade http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/europe/england/map_of_england.jpg

20. With Industry, comes life changes As industry begins to develop and grow through out the world, many things begin to change… some good and some bad. Industrial Revolution Growth of Cities Change in the political World~ A rise of colonies Change in of class system

21. CHANGES WAYS OF LIFE NOTES

22. Unpaved streets No drains Heaps of garbage Dark, filthy Cholera Avg lifespan in one city (working class) - 17 years old http://www.permaculture.org.au/images/industrial_rev_housing.jpg

23. Urbanization- City building and the moving of people to cities. Why? London- 1 million people by 1800 Between 1800-1850, the number of cities w/ 100,000 rose from 22 to 47 1850- Manchester had 300,000

24. Many city workers worked in factories. All early factories had to be located by a source of energy (usually water at first) Working conditions were horrible: –14 hrs a day/ 6 days a week –Dark, dirty factories –Unsafe –Coal mines- dust, damp, accidents, 10 year shorter lifespan.

25. Class Tensions Middle Class –Skilled workers, professionals, business people, etc. –Not poor, not rich Upper- doctors, lawyers, gov employees Lower- factory overseers, toolmakers, drafters, printers Luddites –Were losing their livelihoods to machines –Began a revolt by destroying machines

26. MORE IDEAS

27. MORE IDEAS CAPITALISM Enlightenment Thinker: Adam Smith Wealth of Nations Thought economies should run without government interference- laissez-faire COMPETITION Freedom of businesses w/o government interference

28. New Ways of Thinking… Communism Karl Marx was born in Germany

29. New Ways of Thinking… The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Marx In 1848- Marx and Engles published The Communist Manifesto They created Communism, a form of socialism that sees class struggles between employers and employees as inevitable…. Communism is also known as Marxism

30. New Ways of Thinking The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Marx According to Marx, history was the struggle between the “haves” and “have-nots” “Haves”= Middle class (bourgeoisie) “Have-Nots”= Proletariat (working class) Marx despised capitalism! Thought it should be destroyed “Working men of all countries; UNITE”!!

31. New Ways of Thinking The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Marx Marx claimed that his ideas were based on scientific studies.. Not necessarily true He believed that the misery of the working class would create a world revolution This did not happen Marx thought all working men would unite under the communist causes nationalism grew instead. Marxism lost appeal in many western countries

32. Idea: Socialism Socialism argues that the people as a whole/government, rather than individuals, should own and operate the “means of production” Socialism grew out of Enlightenment ideas Socialism redistributes money to people through the government (usually through higher taxes) Socialism does not agree with capitalism

33. Mary Wallstonecraft Feminist thinker Argued that “rights” and “equality” should apply to women AND men