1. Vocabulary Unit 5 #2

2. 1.Government of India Act 2.Great Leap Forward 3.Guomindang 4.Iron Curtain 5.Korean Conflict 6.kulaks 7.Marshall plan 8.May Fourth Movement 9.New Economic Policy 10.nonalignment 11.North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 12.perestroika 13.Prague Spring 14.purges 15.Red Guard 16.Sandinistas 17.Six-Day War 18.Solidarity 19.Tiananmen Square 20. Truman Doctrine 21. Warsaw Pact 22. Al-Qaeda 23. cartels 24. International Monetary Fund 25. Persian Gulf War 26. World Bank 27. Euro 28. European Economic Community 29. European Community 30. import substitution industrialization 31. McDonaldization 32. North American Free Trade Organization (NAFTA) 33.Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 34.World Trade Organization (WTO)

3. Iron Curtain Term coined by Winston Churchill for the political barrier isolating Soviet dominated Eastern Europe from Western Europe

4. Tiananmen Square Beijing site of a 1989 student protest in favor of democracy; the Chinese military killed a large number of protestors

5. New Economic Policy (NEP) Lenin’s policy that allowed some private ownership and limited foreign investment to revitalize the Soviet economy

6. Guomindang (Kuomintang) China’s Nationalist political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 and based on democratic principles; in 1925, the party was taken over by Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai- shek), who made it into a more authoritarian party

7. Kulaks Russian peasants who became wealthy under Lenin’s New Economic Policy

8. Solidarity A Polish trade union that began the nation’s protest against communist rule

9. World Bank An agency of the United Nations that offers loans to countries to promote trade and economic development

10. Perestroika A restructuring of the Soviet economy to allow some local decision making

11. Red Guard A militia of young Chinese people organized to carry out Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution

12. Government of India Act Was the last pre- independence constitution of the British Raj. It granted Indian provinces autonomy. Direct elections are introduced for the first time. The right to vote was increased from seven million to thirty-five million.

13. Great Leap Forward The disastrous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small-scale industrial projects “Long Live the Great Leap Forward”

14. Korean Conflict Conflict between Communist and non- Communist forces in Korea from June 25, 1950, to July 27, 1953.

15. Marshall Plan A U.S. plan to support the recovery and reconstruction of Western Europe after World War II

16. May Fourth Movement A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence

17. Nonalignment The policy of some developing nations to refrain from aligning with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War

18. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) A defense alliance between nations of Western Europe and North America formed in 1949

19. Prague Spring A 1968 program of reform to soften socialism in Czechoslovakia; it resulted in the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia

20. Purges Joseph Stalin’s policy of exiling or killing millions of his opponents in the Soviet Union

21. Sandinistas A left-wing group that overthrew the dictatorship of Nicaraguan Anastacio Somoza in 1979

22. Six-Day War A brief war between Israel and a number of Arab states in 1967; during this conflict Israel took over Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, the Sinai Peninsula, and the West Bank

23. Truman Doctrine A 1947 statement by U.S. President Truman that pledged aid to any nation resisting communism

24. Warsaw Pact The 1955 agreement between the Soviet Union and the countries of eastern Europe in response to NATO

25. Al-Qaeda A terrorist group based in Afghanistan in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

26. Cartels Unions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods

27. International Monetary Fund An international organization founded in 1944 to promote market economies and free trade

28. Persian Gulf War The 1991 war between Iraq and a U.S.

29. Euro The standard currency introduced and adopted by the majority of members of the European Union in January 2002

30. European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market) An economic organization of European states set up by the Treaties of ROME in March 1957. Its member states agreed to coordinate their economic policies, and to establish common policies for agriculture, transport, the movement of capital and labor, the erection of common external tariffs, and the ultimate establishment of political unification.

31. European Community An organization of Western European countries, which came into being in 1967 through the merger of the European Economic Community (Common Market or EEC), European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and was committed to economic and political integration as envisaged by the Treaties of Rome. It was superseded in 1993 by the EUROPEAN UNION.

32. Import Substitution Industrialization An economic system that attempts to strengthen a country’s industrial power by restricting foreign imports

33. McDonaldization Term used by sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society (1995). He describes it as the process by which a society takes on the characteristics of a fast- food restaurant (efficiency, calculability, predictability, & control) Extension of world trade to the Soviet Union

34. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) An organization that prohibits tariffs and other trade barriers between Mexico, the United States, and Canada

35. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Organization formed in 1960 by oil- producing countries to regulate oil supplies and prices

36. World Trade Organization (WTO) An international organization begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade