1. Pages 561-570 & 574-578 By Sam Rosenberg

3. 1700-1914, up until World War I Two stages, 1700-1860 & 1860-1914 Urban life and hygiene significantly improved Controversy over working conditions – formation of unions Productivity increased dramatically Transportation became much more widespread, connecting the urban areas to the rural areas Agricultural and manufacturing breakthroughs

4. Inventors: John Kay (“flying shuttle” 1733), James Hargreaves (spinning jenny 1764), Richard Arkwright (water frame 1769), Samuel Crompton (spinning mule 1779), Thomas Newcomen (steam pump 1712), Eli Whitney (cotton gin 1793), George Stephenson (Rocket, 1829) Karl Marx: Called for a worker (proletariat) led revolution, believed workers should be in power; wrote Communist Manifesto, saw class struggle as perpetual, called for the creation of Unions (syndicats) Emmeline Pankhurst: one of the leaders in women’s suffrage movements; formed some of the first organizations

6. 1793 – invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney 1831 – Michael Thomas Sadler investigated the conditions of child labor in factories 1832 – Reform Act (Redistributed public land to be sold privately) 1833 – Factory Act (Forbade child labor) 1833 – Slavery abolished in United Kingdom 1819 – Peterloo Masacre 1834 – Poor Law (required limited assistance for lower class for a sustainable life)

7. Proletariat: the laborers who do the actual physical work of production; Marx believed they should lead a revolution to gain power Bourgeoisie: Employers as well as other members of the middle class, professionals, artisans, and shop keepers; by Marx’s standards, those who do not live by the sale of their labor, as opposed to the proletariat Liberals and Tories: two major political parties in Britain at the time Women’s suffrage movements: sometimes violent demonstrations and organizations with the intention of achieving better rights for women including the right to vote

8. Problems coping with change Alienation of factory workers from their work Alienation of workers from nature Dominance of husband over wife Economic competition leading to prioritization of personal goals