2. WORKING CONDITIONS LABOR UNREST Formation of Labor Unions

3. LABOR UNREST 1870-1900

4. Labor Unions & Labor Leaders Knights of Labor 1869 –Uriah Stephens –Terence V. Powderly AFL 1886 Samuel Gompers International Workers of the World (IWW) or “Wobblies” Big Bill Haywood Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism

5. Knights of Labor -Open to ALL workers -Advocated arbitration, strikes should be a last resort American Federation of Labor -skilled workers only -Used strikes as a major tactic, successful strikes led higher wages & shorter workweeks IWW -Unskilled workers including African Americans -Radical Unionsts and Socialists

6. Socialists Eugene V. Debs -Started working for RR at age 14 -Orgz. American Railway Union -Read Karl Marx while in jail & became spokesperson for Socialist Party -Will run for president 5 times

7. The Great Railroad Strike 1877 -workers from B&O protested 2 nd wage cut -over 50,000 mi of track was stopped for over a week -Prez. Hayes intervened with federal troops to stop strike because it interfered with interstate commerce

8. The Haymarket Riot 1886 -May 4 th 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest police brutality -At 10am crowd began to disperse when police arrived and suddenly a bomb was tossed into police line -Police fired on workers several died from each side -No one ever learned who threw the bomb -8 workers were convicted, 4 were hanged & public opinion began to turn against labor movement

9. Pullman Cars

10. Pullman Strike 1894

14. Mother Jones Marry Harris Organizer of the United Mine Workers Founded Social Democratic Party One of founding members of IWW The Miner’s Angel -supported Great Strike of 1877 -to expose child labor she led a march of 80 children mill workers with hideous injuries on the home of President Roosevelt -led to passage of child labor laws

16. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8 th and 10 th Floors

17. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

23. Inside the Building After the Fire

24. 10 th Floor After the Fire

25. Crumpled Fire Escape, 50 Died

26. Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk

27. Scene at the Morgue

28. Relatives Review Bodies 146 Dead

29. Most Doors Were Locked

30. One of the “Lucky” Ones?

31. Rose Schneiderman The Last Survivor

32. Page of the New York Journal

35. One of the Many Funerals

36. Protestors March to City Hall

37. Out of the Ashes ► ILGWU membership surged. ► NYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention. ► New strict building codes were passed. ► Tougher fire inspection of sweatshops. ► Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.