1. TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

2. Transcription notes Point of Transcription – to make an accurate small piece of an organisms DNA Point of Transcription – to make an accurate small piece of an organisms DNA Information from DNA is copied onto a special RNA molecule called Messenger RNA (mRNA) Information from DNA is copied onto a special RNA molecule called Messenger RNA (mRNA) mRNA is carried from the nucleus and travels out to the cytoplasm’s ribosome for protein synthesis. mRNA is carried from the nucleus and travels out to the cytoplasm’s ribosome for protein synthesis.

3. Tanscription RNA Polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA from DNA RNA Polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA from DNA Only one strand of DNA is ever read, this strand is the Sense (template) Strand Only one strand of DNA is ever read, this strand is the Sense (template) Strand A special sequence of nucleotides on the DNA tells an RNA Polymerase where to bind and where to release. A special sequence of nucleotides on the DNA tells an RNA Polymerase where to bind and where to release.

4. RNA Polymerase Like DNA Polymerase – RNA Polymerase reads a sense strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction Like DNA Polymerase – RNA Polymerase reads a sense strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction It there for creates a new strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction, adding new nucleotides to the 3’ –OH group. It there for creates a new strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction, adding new nucleotides to the 3’ –OH group. RNA Polymerase opens up the DNA helix as it reads through the sequence creating a complementary strand RNA Polymerase opens up the DNA helix as it reads through the sequence creating a complementary strand

5. Once the mRNA strand is made: Once the mRNA strand is made: - In Prokaryotes the strand is ready for Translation. - In Eukaryotes the strand needs additional RNA processing before leaving the nucleus

6. Before leaving the Nucleus mRNA undergoes processing Tails are added to the 3’ and 5’ ends Tails are added to the 3’ and 5’ ends All Introns are removed, so only the exons that contain the information for the gene are sent out to the ribosome for translation to begin. All Introns are removed, so only the exons that contain the information for the gene are sent out to the ribosome for translation to begin.

7. TRANSCRIPTION http://www- class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/ani mation/gene/gene_a2.html http://www- class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/ani mation/gene/gene_a2.html http://www- class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/ani mation/gene/gene_a2.html http://www- class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/ani mation/gene/gene_a2.html

8. TRANSLATION http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman _protein_synthesis.htm http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman _protein_synthesis.htm http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman _protein_synthesis.htm http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman _protein_synthesis.htm

9. Both Processes Walk through of translation Walk through of translation Walk through of translation Walk through of translation Translation overview link Translation overview link Translation overview link Translation overview link