1. Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis

2. Chapter 13.1 (Pgs ): RNA

3. Protein Synthesis
DNA
Characteristics
Protein

4. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
A nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides
Helps put the genetic code into action
Part of DNA base sequence turned into RNA
Helps makes proteins

5. DNA vs RNA DNA RNA Has deoxyribose sugar
Has two strands (double-helix)
Has C, G, A, and T bases
Has ribose sugar
Has one strand
Has C, G, A and U (Uracil) bases

6. Protein made up of amino acids
Functions of RNA
Main job: protein synthesis
Controls assembly of amino acids into proteins
Disposable copy of DNA segment
DNA is the master plan and RNA is a copy of that plan
Protein made up of amino acids

7. Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Carries information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Combines with protein to form ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfers amino acids to ribosomes to help build proteins

8. RNA Synthesis Also called Transcription
Segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules
Occurs in the nucleus
Requires the enzyme RNA polymerase
Adds RNA nucleotides

9. Transcription Initiation Elongation Termination Editing
RNA Polymerase binds to DNA and separates DNA strands
Elongation
RNA Polymerase adds base pairs
Uses one strand of DNA as a template
Uracil (U) replaces T on RNA strand
Termination
RNA Polymerase stops adding nucleotides
Forms one complementary strand of RNA
Editing
- RNA molecule is edited before used

10. Promoters Regions of DNA that have specific base sequences
Tells RNA Polymerase where to start/stop making RNA
RNA binds to promoter and starts adding complementary bases

11. Editing the RNA Strand
Completed RNA molecule needs to be modified before becoming a protein
Called pre-mRNA
Little pieces, called introns, are cut out of the mRNA strand and discarded
Remaining pieces, called exons, are re-connected back together
Protective cap and tail put on either end