1. W HO ARE THE H ISTORIANS ?? History is the study of the past. Historians use clues to understand how people lived in the past. Much like piecing together a puzzle. -Methods used by historians include: -Studying Primary and secondary sources such as: diaries, paintings, letters, and works of earlier historians. -Tools: written or depicted evidence of past events

2. A RCHAEOLOGISTS ( WHAT THEY DO AND HOW ) Archaeology is the study of the past, based on items people left behind. Artifacts- These are the manmade items that have been found through excavation. -Methods Excavation- Process of removing earth, stone, or other materials covering the remains of the past (digging up stuff) -Carbon dating-a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic(bones, plants, hair) matter materials.

3. T OOLS A RCHAEOLOGIST U SE Tools - Shovels, trowels, sifting screens, metal detectors, math for measuring, handheld brooms, measuring tapes!

4. W HY SHOULD WE STUDY THE P AST ? History: helps us understand how people think and act. explains how today was shaped by past events. promotes good decision- making skills. teaches you about other people and cultures provides you with a better understanding of where and how you live

5. E ARLY H OMINIDS Mr. Bowling 7 th Golden

6. K EY T ERMS Prehistory Time Before there was writing Hominid An early ancestor of humans Paleolithic Age Early Stone Age Biped Walks on Two Feet Hunters-Gathers People who hunt animals, gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive

7. A USTRALOPITHECUS Short compared to humans today. – Remains show they were about 3 Feet Tall Arms were long, but hands and feet were similar to a modern humans Large head, and their forehead and jaw stuck out from her face Many scientists believe they were BIPEDS Their brain was only about 1/3 the size of ours They also weren’t able to talk 3-4 million years ago in Africa Discovered by Donald Johanson Called her “Lucy” b/c of the song Lucy in Sky with Diamonds by the Beatles

8. A USTRALOPITHECUS A FARENSIS

9. H OMO H ABILIS : H ANDY M AN 2 nd Group of hominids discovered Searching for signs of hominids in AFRICA Named Homo Habilis or “Handy Man” because of the ability to make tools 1.5-2 million years ago Walked on two feet Brain was 2 times bigger than earlier hominids Lived in groups

10. H OMO H ABILIS

11. T OOLS OF THE H ANDY M AN Very Simple Tools Rocks were used for Chopping Tools Animal bones as digging sticks Sharp pieces of stone for Cutting

12. H OMO E RECTUS : U PRIGHT M AN Stood straight up First group to migrate out of Africa…Their remains have been found in Europe and Asia Taller and Thinner than previous hominid groups. Stronger Bones  Good Walkers and Runners

13. T OOLS OF THE U PRIGHT M AN More complex tools – Ex. Strong Hand-Axes made of stone Were able to use fire. – Scientists have found burned animal bones in the same places as Upright Man remains Were able to use tools to build shelters and this allowed for travel to new areas and longer time for survival

14. H OMO S APIENS : N EANDERTHAL M AN Lived in Africa, Europe, and parts of Asia Lived about 230,000- 30,000 years ago Walked upright Shorter and stockier than modern man, but much stronger Large brains First group to hunt in organized groups

15. N EANDERTHAL C OMMUNITY Strong Sense of Community When members died they were laid in burial mounds with hunting tools and flowers. Worked together when hunting Went in groups and trapped the animals Cared for the injured and sick

16. H OMO S APIENS S APIENS : E ARLY M ODERN H UMANS Lived from 35,000 to 12,000 B.C.E. Originated in Africa – Then spread to Europe, Asia, and Australia – Came across LAND BRIDGES to North and South America Looked more like us than Neanderthals did Had much better tools Could not adapt to the cold as well as Neanderthals

17. T OOLS OF THE E ARLY M ODERN H UMANS Made tools for engraving and sculpting Needles for sewing animal skins together Built shelters out of stone and earth Spear throwers and the bow and arrow Hunted from a distance and therefore was much safer

18. T HE S TONE A GES Section 1: The First People

19. S ECTION F OCUS Humans have lived on the earth for millions of years. Prehistoric people learned to adapt to their environment for survival. Period of time before writing is called prehistory.

20. H OMINIDS AND E ARLY H UMANS Hominids first appeared in Africa 3 million years ago. 3 Main groups of Hominids: (Early) Homo Habilis – Skillful Man (Middle) Homo Erectus – Man who walks upright (Last) Homo Sapiens – Man who thinks Modern humans (Homo Sapiens) appeared about 200,000 years ago in Africa.

21. H OMINIDS AND E ARLY H UMANS

22. S TONE A GE T OOLS The first humans lived during the Stone Age. People began using stone tools during the Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age. Stone Age tools grew more complex as time passed.

23. S TONE A GE T OOLS Earliest tools found in East Africa. Each stone was hit with another to create a sharp edge. First tools were used to cut and grind food.

24. S TONE A GE T OOLS

25. Improved tools by using better stones and attached wooden handles. People were now able to hunt larger animals from a distance.

26. H UNTER -G ATHERER S OCIETIES Early humans formed hunter- gatherer societies. Society : community of people who share a common culture. Hunted animals and gathered plants and seeds to survive. Groups were small and lived in caves.

27. H UNTER -G ATHERER S OCIETIES

28. Hunter-gatherer societies developed language, art, and religion. The most important development was language: Allowed more relationships to form Easier to hunt Allowed food distribution Paleolithic Age lasted more than 2 million years and ended 10,000 years ago.

29. H UNTER -G ATHERER S OCIETIES