1. Slavery, Disunion, and Reconstruction APUSH – Mr. Hesen

2. “King Cotton” – Slavery was profitable – Cotton Gin (1793) – Cotton trade fostered business in North – Britain heavily dependent on U.S. cotton – Accounted for 57% of exports by 1860

3. The Three Souths – Further North – cooler climate – fewer slaves – Further South – warmer climate – more slaves – Mountain whites sided with North – Southward flow of slaves continued from 1790s to 1860 – NOT A UNIFIED SOUTH – unless talking about states’ rights

4. Border South – DE, MD, KY, and MO – Plantations scarce – Grain production Tobacco stripped land of nutrients – 1850 – 17% of population slaves – 22% of families owned slaves – Produced over 50% of South industrial products

5. Lower South – SC, FL, GA, AL, MS, LA, TX – “Cotton Belt” and “Black Belt” – Deep South along rivers and deltas – Plantations were prevalent – cotton was king! – 1850 – slaves made up 47% of population

6. The “Peculiar Institution” – Planter Aristocracy South was ruled politically by rich landowners – 1850 – 1,733 families owned more than 100 slaves – Least democratic region in country – Huge gap between rich and poor Elitist culture – genteel-class emerged

7. The “Peculiar Institution” Plantation System Risky – slaves might die of diseases or escape One crop economy – cotton or tobacco Southerners resented North’s large profits at their expense Resented being so dependent on North Repelled large-scale European immigration Slave labor cheaper NO JOBS

8. The “Peculiar Institution” Plantation Slavery 4 million slaves by 1860 – 4x more than 1800 Legal importation ended in 1808 Population increase due to natural reproduction Slaves seen as valuable assets to owners Source of wealth and stature Punishment was often brutal Deep South was the most brutal

9. The “Peculiar Institution” African American Culture Develops Elements of African culture Family ties and oral traditions Religion – blend of Christianity and Voodoo Book of Exodus – “exodusters” Music – “Call and Response” – led to the development of jazz, blues, and rock n’ roll

10. Burdens of Slavery

11. Slave Revolt Nat Turner (1831) Most significant 60 Virginians slaughtered – mostly women and kids Largest slave revolt in South Over 100 slaves killed throughout South Created paranoia in plantation owners and harsh laws were created in response

12. The White Majority 75% of whites in South owned no slaves Mostly subsistence farmers Believed in white superiority – defended slavery Poor – suffered from malnutrition and no education Ending slavery would mix the races – not good

13. Mountain Whites Lived in Appalachian Mountain chain Independent small farmers Hated wealthy planters and aristocracy During Civil War – mostly pro-Union

14. Abolitionism American Colonization Society (1817) Recolonization – manumission Liberia – created for freed slaves – Monrovia Blacks and whites could not coexist in society Dominant form of reform in U.S.

15. Radical Abolitionism Immediate and uncompensated manumission William Lloyd Garrison – Liberator (1831) Symbolized beginning of radicalism “Virtuous” North secede from “Wicked” South Inspired American Anti-Slavery Society

16. American Anti-Slavery Society Wanted to organize for more political influence Theodore Dwight Weld – American Slavery As It Is (1836) Wendell Phillips Grimke Sisters Tappan Brothers

17. Frederick Douglass Greatest of the black abolitionists Published North Star – abolitionist newspaper Former slave – escaped when he turned 21 Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass Depicted his life as a slave Looked to politics to end slavery – unlike Garrison Flexibly practical

18. Underground Railroad Chain of antislavery homes Harbored slaves from South to Canada Harriet Tubman (Moses) Ex-slave from MD! – Led 19 expeditions to Canada Rescued 300 slaves Served as a spy in Civil War South demanded stronger fugitive slave laws for escapees

19. Impact of Abolition on South 1820s – southern abolition societies outnumbered North Post-1830s – many groups silenced (Nat Turner) Abolitionist propaganda banned throughout South Pro-slavery whites launched massive campaign against North George Fitzhugh – “northern wage slavery” “Gag Resolution” (1836) – any appeals regarding slavery are illegal in Congress

20. Impact of Abolition on North Unpopular in many areas in North Slavery was protected by the Constitution – states’ rights Northern industry depended on South for cotton 1850s – abolition influenced the northern mind against the South Saw slavery as morally evil and undemocratic

21. “Popular Sovereignty” – People in sovereign areas could decide the fate of slavery Election of 1848 Whigs – Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready” Democrats – Lewis Cass – embodied popular sovereignty Free-Soil Party – Martin Van Buren – against slavery in new territories – Taylor – 163 to Cass – 127 – Foreshadowed Republican Party in 1852

22. California Gold Rush (1848) Sutter’s Mill (Sacramento) “49ers” – mostly men moved to CA Mass migration to West Coast Paved way for RAPID economic growth in CA CA applied for statehood under no-slave clause State constitution denied slavery South went nuts – NM and UT leaned towards free status as well

23. Nashville Convention Southern fire-eaters – June 1850 Discussed southern rights and secession Should California be admitted to Union? Many saw as a sign of disunion No compromise reached – until Henry Clay (again)

24. Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay North should pass stricter fugitive slave laws John C. Calhoun Demanded that abolitionists leave slavery alone Thought Clay’s compromise was inadequate Daniel Webster Supported Clay “Reasonable concessions” in South Abolitionists saw Webster as a traitor – turned North towards compromise

25. William Seward – young radical “Higher Law” Seward Opposed to granting concessions to the South Deep Christian beliefs Slavery shouldn’t exist in western territories due to “higher law” than Constitution

26. War Fever President Taylor was swayed by Seward Taylor was willing to start Civil War in Texas if Texans tried to expand to NM Taylor dies in 1850 VP Millard Fillmore follows Taylor Supported compromise Stephen Douglas – most instrumental at getting Compromise of 1850 passed in Congress

27. Compromise of 1850 California admitted as free state Abolition of slave trade in Washington, DC New Mexico and Utah – popular sovereignty More stringent Fugitive Slave Laws Texas received $10 million over its dispute with NM North got the best of the deal

28. Fugitive Slave Law Became the most frictional issue between North and South Abolitionist movement given boost Slaves could not testify on own behalf Heavy fines and jail for those who broke law Some states did not accept FSL – “personal liberty law” Ableman v. Booth (1859) – SCUS upholds FSL

29. Election of 1852 Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce (NH) Sympathized to southern views Whigs nominated Winfield Scott Split the Whig Party Scott – anti-slavery Southern Whigs – supported FSL Pierce wins 254-42 Marked the end of the Whig Party

30. Expansion Under Pierce – “Young America” – sought to extend Manifest Destiny – Southerners wanted to gain land (Cuba) to spread slavery – Ostend Manifesto (1854) – Take Cuba by force if they did not accept $130 million Nicaragua and Asia Expand trade – especially with Japan (Commodore Matthew Perry)

31. Gadsden Purchase (1853) – U.S. sought transcontinental railroad – Should TCRR run through North or South? – Congress purchased Mesilla Valley from Mexico - $10 million – After purchase – U.S. below Canada is complete – Northerners rushed to gain Nebraska – South blocked them

33. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) – Most important short-term cause of the CW Stephen Douglas – proposed splitting Kansas in two (Kansas and Nebraska – Kansas – slave / Nebraska – free Slavery based on popular sovereignty – KS was above the 36 30’ line – Missouri Compromise of 1820 – Bill passed in 1854 – Douglas guided it through

35. Birth of the Republican Party Republican Party forms in response to K-N Act Included Whigs, northern Democrats, Free- Soilers, and Know-Nothings Emerged as 2 nd national political party Was NOT allowed in South!

36. Bleeding Kansas New England Emigrant Aid Company Sent 2,000 men to KS Stop slavery from forming “Beecher’s Bibles” Southerners furious over North’s betrayal of K-N Act Kansas heavily split territory – some free, some slave 1860 - only two slaves occupied KS

38. Pottawatomie Massacre (1856)

39. Lecompton Constitution (1857) Kansas applied for statehood under popular sovereignty Denied statehood until Civil War – entered as a free state Splits Democratic Party Split between Buchanan, Douglas, Whigs, EVERYONE!

40. Anti-Slavery Literature

41. Election of 1856 Democrats nominated James Buchanan Republicans nominated John Fremont (Pathfinder of the West) American Party (Know-Nothings) nominated Millard Fillmore – nativists Buchanan won 174-114-8 Fear of disunion and secession aided in Buchanan’s election

43. Decision Scott is a slave not a citizen All slaves were no longer citizens Could not be taken from owners without due process Missouri Compromise ruled unconstitutional

44. Impact Contributed to the further split in the Democratic Party Split North and South even further Taney’s “opinion” NOT law – Northerners undermined it – Southerners claimed that North was unwilling to compromise

45. Panic of 1857 Causes Overspeculation of land...again Influx of California gold caused inflation Overproduction of grain Results North was hardest hit Westerners demanded free farms Higher tariffs

49. The South Secedes!!! SC is first – within six weeks MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, and TX All during Buchanan’s lame-duck period – HE DID NOTHING! Confederate States of America – Montgomery, AL Jefferson Davis – chosen as president in 1861

50. Reasons for Southern Secession Political balance favored North (so they thought) Hated sectional politics Demanded states’ rights Hated free-soil criticisms and abolitionism Wanted to end dependence on North Southerners thought they had “moral high ground”

51. Crittenden Amendments Final attempt at compromise John Crittenden – KY – Clay follower Appease the South No slavery north of 36 30’ but South was given full protection Lincoln rejected amendments… No more compromise

52. President Lincoln First Inaugural Address Vowed to preserve the Union: to “hold, occupy, and possess” “Physically speaking, we cannot separate”

53. Lincoln’s Cabinet William Seward – Secretary of State Salmon P. Chase – Secretary of the Treasury Edwin M. Stanton – Secretary of War All often disagreed with Lincoln on issues but he proved be a savvy leader

54. Attack on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861) Charleston Harbor – federal fort in South Lincoln’s dilemma: send more supplies, surrender, or leave! Lincoln sent “supply reinforcements” to Sumter South saw it as violent act! Sent 70 canon to bombard the fort Held off for 35 hours, but surrendered Beginning of the Civil War!

55. Lincoln’s Goals Primary objective: Keep border states in line (MD, KY, MO, WV) War was to preserve the Union at all costs Declared that North was NOT fighting to free slaves Letter to Horace Greeley – August 22, 1862

56. Confederate Assets Only needed a stalemate – not victory South had superior moral cause – states’ rights Superb military officers Robert E. Lee Outspoken against secession and slavery Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson Far superseded the Union’s capabilities and leadership

57. Confederate Weaknesses Lack of industry Shortages during war No railroads – weak ones at best No foreign intervention

58. Northern Advantages 22 million people 20% Union forces were foreign born Union had ¾ of wealth 75% of railroads Blockade of southern ports “Union Forever!” Better logistical planning

60. British Diplomacy Mostly “neutral” during war Traded with North and South – grain, textiles, and cotton – Trent Affair (1861) Union warship stopped British vessel with Confederates on board (Mason and Slidell) Lincoln released diplomats – Laird Rams (1863) British-constructed Confederate ships

61. Raising Armies: North and South North Mostly volunteers 1863 – first federal conscription law Rich got out of service – paid $300 New York Draft Riot (1863) – Irish v. Blacks 200,000 people deserted and avoided service

62. Raising Armies: North and South Relied on volunteers at first Smaller population – smaller numbers Forced to conscript men 17-50 Rich men could hire substitutes Mountain white refused to enlist

63. African American Soldiers 180,000 in Union armies – 10% of total enlistment Black volunteers were rejected at first 1862 – need for soldiers was high Inspired to fight for their freedom Confederacy did not use blacks – did not revolt either

64. Civil War Economics Morrill Tariff Act (1861)

65. National Banking System (1863) Greenbacks

66. Homestead Act (1862)

67. Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862

68. Pacific Railway Act (1862)

69. Lincoln and Civil Liberties

70. Civil War as a Modern War “Total War”

72. Four Step Plan: 1.) Strangle the South – block ports 2.) Control Mississippi River 3.) Devastate GA and NC 4.) Capture Richmond by crushing Confederate armies

73. Battle of Bull Run (Manassas – July 21, 1861) First major land battle in CW North needed quick, decisive victory “Stonewall” Jackson surprised Union troops Union pulled back tot Washington, DC Casualties – Union – 3,000 / Confederacy – 1,900 Psychological Effect: Long, bloody war on their hands South grew complacent – come thought war was over!

74. Appointed to head Army of the Potomac Fatal flaws: Overcautious! Surrendered when the numbers favored him!!!

75. Peninsula Campaign April-June 1862 McClellan abandoned an assault on Richmond – Seven Day’s Battles Lee takes over Conf. – McC retreated – Lincoln loses confidence but keeps him in charge – Second Battle of Bull Run Another Union retreat

76. Antietam – September 17, 1862 Most significant battle of CW Lee invaded MD to take it from Union Ends in a stalemate – Lee withdraws Turning point in the war Foreign countries don’t intervene “Victory” for Union – momentum they needed

77. Emancipation Proclamation (1862-63) Confiscation Act (1862) – Union could “take” slaves as they invaded South Escaped slaves would not be returned to owners Provisions: All slaves in states of rebellion are free Slaves in border states not free Did little in the short-run Reactions were mixed

78. General Ulysses S. Grant Won numerous victories in the West Shiloh – April 6-7,1962 Western Tennessee Took over southern railroads Casualties were shocking: 24,000 Union New Orleans taken as well

79. Battle of Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863 Lee invades PA - wanted to get support from foreign nations Bloodiest battle of the CW – 57,000 dead

80. Day One:

81. Day Two:

82. Day Three:

83. Gettysburg Address (November 1863)

84. The End of the War Vicksburg (December 1863 – July 1864) Longest battle in the CW Split Confederacy in two – Union controlled Mississippi River Sherman marches through Georgia – “March to the Sea” Lincoln and Sherman wanted to punish South Total war – turned to SC and then to VA

85. The Copperheads Democratic faction of the northerners Opposed the war “Peace at any price” Appealed to western farmers Condemned Lincoln for continuing war

86. Clement L. Vallandigham Ex-congressman from Ohio Demanded end to the war Arrested and banished from Union Returned to OH and was not banished again Shows Lincoln’s willingness to work with political opposition

87. Election of 1864

88. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Speech “With malice toward none, with charity for all”

89. End of the War in the East Richmond (April 1865) Confederates surrender at Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865 Provisions: 30,000 POWS were allowed to go home – never take up arms again Could keep horses for plowing and farming

90. Lincoln Assassinated – April 14, 1865

91. Results of the Civil War 620,000 men dead – 2% of population Mathew Brady photos Union/nation was preserved $15 billion spent on war effort Affirmed the Monroe Doctrine

92. What is Reconstruction? Attempt to achieve national reunification Enormously difficult to achieve North won the war – South won Reconstruction

93. Questions: – How to rebuild after Civil War? – What will the conditions of African Americans in the South? – How would South be reintegrated into the Union? – Who would control the process? Congress? President?

94. Richmond

95. Charleston

96. Atlanta

97. Southern farms

98. Planter class

99. 13 th Amendment (1865)

100. Freedmen’s Bureau – Oliver O. Howard

101. Response to Freedmen’s Bureau

102. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan (10% Plan)

103. Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

104. Andrew Johnson’s Plan

105. Radical Republicans

106. Black Codes

107. Civil Rights Act of 1866

108. 14 th Amendment

109. Military Reconstruction

110. Tenure of Office Act (1867)

111. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

112. Impeachment Ticket

113. 15 th AMendment

114. Hiram Revels Blanche Bruce

115. Scalawags

116. Carpetbaggers

117. KKK

118. Force Acts

119. Solid South and Redeemers

120. Civil Rights Act of 1875

121. End of Reconstruction – Election of 1876

122. Compromise of 1877

123. Jim Crow Laws

124. Lynchings

125. Booker T. Washington – Tuskegee Institute – “Atlanta Compromise” – 1895

126. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

127. WEB DuBois – The Crisis – “Talented Tenth” – Niagara Movement – NAACP