1. Copyright 2004 Northrop Grumman Corporation 0 21 June 2004 Doug Young NG Lead Executive for Project Constellation Northrop Grumman Corporation Cooperating While Competing: Industry Opportunities and Policy Challenges Cooperating While Competing: Industry Opportunities and Policy Challenges Space Exploration and International Cooperation Symposium George Washington University, 21-22 June 2004

2. Copyright 2004 Northrop Grumman Corporation 1 International Space Cooperation Is Both Old and New –Established in National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958) –Past: Developing, Launching, and Operating SATCOMM, Scientific, and Earth Sensing Satellites; Apollo-Soyuz, and Educational Projects –Current: International Space Station (ISS), Space Science Programs –New: Human Exploration Programs and Activities Long-standing Cooperation Themes in National Space Policy –Protecting National Security Interests While Promoting Foreign Policy Considerations –Advancing National Science and Technology Through Cooperation in Basic Scientific Research That, in Turn, Lead to Other Cooperative Undertakings –Maximizing Economic Benefits International Space Cooperation: U.S. Policy and Practice

3. Copyright 2004 Northrop Grumman Corporation 2 Commission on Moon, Mars, and Beyond: Related Recommendations: —International Talents and Technologies Will Be of Significant Value in Vision’s Implementation –NASA Should Pursue International Partnerships Based on an Architecture That Would Encourage Global Investment in Support of Vision –NASA Should Consider Establishing Organization to Pursue Cutting-edge Technologies in Private Sector of Relevance to Exploration Encouraging Commercial Activities Through:  Prizes  Tax Incentives  Regulatory Relief, Including Changing Existing Liability Laws to Set a Reasonable Standard for Implied Consent  Property Rights in Space

4. Copyright 2004 Northrop Grumman Corporation 3 Opportunities for Firm-to-Firm Collaboration: Criteria for Cooperation Domestic Interests Criteria –Foreign Policy –National Constraints –International Treaties and Less-formal Agreements –Program Scale, Stability, and Risk –Management Regime of Partnership –Confidence in Partnership Materials Benefits Criteria –Financial –Industrial Development –Access to Expanded Knowledge and Skills Base –Access to Benefits of Space (Products/services/infrastructure) –Niche Capabilities Source: Fact Sheet on the AIAA International Space Cooperation Workshop Series, 2004.

5. Copyright 2004 Northrop Grumman Corporation 4 Challenges to Firm-to-Firm Collaboration Legal –U.S. Export Control and Technology Transfer Laws and Regulations –Differing Legal Regimes Among Potential Partners –International Space and Other Treaties National Interests and Competition –Who’s in Charge? –Who’s Paying for the Activity? –Relationship to Other Foreign Policy Interests? –Relationship to Domestic Interests? Views Based on Past Experiences –Reliability As Collaborative Partner –Licensing Process and Congressional Oversight, Funding and Resource Management Over Long Term

6. Copyright 2004 Northrop Grumman Corporation 5 To Succeed… Cooperation Can Accelerate Space Exploration Governmental Leadership in Setting Bilateral and Multilateral Framework for Firm-to-firm Cooperation Sustained Government-to- Government Space Exploration Investment To Foster Cooperation and Competitiveness Easing of Import-Export Regulations Will Stimulate Cooperation and Competition

7. A 45 Year Partner in Mission Success