1. Chapter 13
Exploring the Oceans

2. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans Divisions of the Global Ocean Arctic Ocean
the smallest ocean
in the arctic circle
mostly covered with ice
just starting to be explored under the ice

3. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans Divisions of the Global Ocean Indian Ocean
2nd smallest ocean
Bordered by Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica

4. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans Divisions of the Global Ocean Atlantic Ocean
2nd Largest
Borders Africa, Europe, and the America’s

5. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans Divisions of the Global Ocean Pacific
The largest ocean
Borders the America’s, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica

6. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans How did they form? Pangaea broke apart
The breaks in the land flooded with water from the 1 original sea
As the land moves oceans are shrinking or growing

7. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans Ocean Water Salty Water contains sodium chloride
Water dissolves minerals as it flows to the oceans
Water evaporates and leaves minerals behind

8. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans Ocean Water Salinity
Measure of the amount of dissolved solids in a given amount of liquid
1 kg of ocean water contains 35 g of solid

9. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans Ocean Water Affects on Salinity
Coastal areas with hotter drier climates will have a high salinity
More evaporation with less precipitation
Major river deltas will cause lower salinity

10. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans Ocean Water Temperature Zones Surface Zone
Warm top layer
Extends to 300 m
Thermocline
Extends from 300 m -700 m
Water temp changes the fastest
Deep Zone
Average temp is 2˚C

11. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans Ocean Water Cycle
A cycle that links all of Earth’s solid, liquid, and gaseous water together
Combination of Condensation, Precipitation, and Evaporation

12. 13-1 Earth’s Oceans Global Thermostat
Ocean absorbs and releases energy slower than land
Water will circulate between warm and cold around the world

13. 13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Continental Shelf
From the shore to continental slope
Gentle slope
Can reach 200 m

14. 13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Continental Slope From shelf to rise
Steeper than shelf
Can range from 200 m to 4,000 m

15. 13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Continental Rise Base of the slope
Made of large piles of sediments
Between slope and the basin

16. 13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Abyssal Plain
Broad flat portion of the deep
Covered in mud and remains of organisms
Avg depth of 4,000 m

17. 13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Mid-Ocean Ridge
Mountain chains where plates pull apart
Ridge Zone
Crack where magma fills in the crack
Rift Valley
Space between the mountains

18. 13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Seamounts
Individual mountains of volcanic material
Magma pushes up through a plate

19. 13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Ocean Trench
Deep crack in the deep-ocean basin
Where an ocean plate dives beneath a continental plate

20. 13-3 Life in the Ocean 3 Groups of Marine Life Plankton
Organisms that float at or near the surface
Most are microscopic
2 Types
Plant like
Animal like

21. 13-3 Life in the Ocean 3 Groups of Marine Life Nekton
Free swimming organisms
Most abundant in surface waters

22. 13-3 Life in the Ocean 3 Groups of Marine Life Benthos
live on or in the ocean floor

23. 13-3 Life in the Ocean Benthic Environment bottom of the ocean
Intertidal Zone
located between low-tide and high-tide limits
organisms must be able to live in water and on land

24. 13-3 Life in the Ocean Benthic Environment Sublittoral Zone
extends from low-tide limit to the edge of the continental shelf
coral reefs

25. 13-3 Life in the Ocean Benthic Environment Bathyal Zone
extends from the edge of the continental shelf to the abyssal plain
no sun
sponges, sea stars, echinoids, octopi, and brachiopods

26. 13-3 Life in the Ocean Benthic Environment Abyssal Zone
on the abyssal plain
no plants and few animals
crabs, sponges, worms, and sea cucumbers

27. 13-3 Life in the Ocean Benthic Environment Hadal Zone
floor of the ocean trenches
very little is known
sponges, few worms, few clams

28. 13-3 Life in the Ocean Pelagic Environment
entire volume of water and life above the ocean floor
Neritic Zone
covers the continental shelf
most life lives here

29. 13-3 Life in the Ocean Pelagic Environment Oceanic Zone
all ocean except the continental shelf
organisms are more spread out

30. 14-1 Currents Surface Currents
Streamlike movements of water at or near the ocean surface
Controlled by 3 factors
Global Winds
Coriolis effect
Continental deflection

31. 14-1 Currents Surface Currents Global Winds
Wind pushes water around the ocean
Can reach depths of several hundred meters

32. 14-1 Currents Surface Currents Coriolis Effects
The curving of moving objects from a straight path due to the Earth’s rotation
Turns the ocean currents

33. 14-1 Currents Surface Currents Continental Deflections
Land changes the ocean currents path
If land wasn’t there currents would flow in an uniform pattern

34. 14-1 Currents Surface Currents Temperature
Warm water currents begin near the equator
Carry warm water to cold places
Cold water currents begin at the poles
Carry cold water to warm places

35. 14-1 Currents Deep Currents
Stream like movements of water far below the surface
3 Factors
Decreasing Temp
Changing Salinity from Freezing or Evaporation

36. 14-1 Currents Deep Currents Decreasing Temp
Cold causes water molecules to slow down and condense
Cold water sinks and pulls warm water over it

37. 14-1 Currents Deep Currents Changing Salinity
Salt will not get contained in ice
More ice the higher the salinity and the denser the water

38. 14-1 Currents Deep Currents Changing Salinity through Evaporation
Solids will not evaporate with water
Salinity will increase and water will become more dense

39. 14-1 Currents Currents and Climate
Currents will affect the land they are next to
Warm climates are created by warm currents and vise versa

40. 14-1 Currents Current Variations Upwelling
Process in which cold deep ocean water rises to the surface
Warm water is blown out to sea by winds

41. 14-1 Currents

42. 14-1 Currents Current Variations El Nino
An upwelling in the S. Pacific
Changes global weather patterns
Creates rains in dry areas and drought in usually wet areas

43. 14-2 Waves Anatomy of a Wave Water does not move only energy Crest
the highest point of a wave
Trough
the lowest point of a wave

44. 14-2 Waves Anatomy of a Wave Wavelength Wave Height
the distance between two adjacent wave crests or wave troughs
Wave Height
the vertical distance between a wave’s crest and trough

45. 14-2 Waves Types of Waves Breaker Surf
as water becomes shallower water builds up
Gravity will pull water back down and crash
Surf
area between breaker zone and the shore

46. 14-2 Waves Types of Waves Undertow
water returning to the sea under incoming waves
Longshore Current
undertow that transports sediment particles

47. 14-2 Waves Types of Waves Whitecaps Swells
white, foaming waves with very steep crests
break in the open ocean
Swells
rolling waves that move in a steady procession across the ocean

48. 14-2 Waves Types of Waves Tsunamis
waves that form when a large volume of ocean water is suddenly moved up or down
caused by…
earthquakes
volcanoes
landslides

49. 14-3 Tides Tides Daily movement of the ocean water
Change the level of the ocean’s surface
Influenced by the sun and moon

50. 14-3 Tides Tides High Tide Low Tide
Where the water will bulge toward the moon
Low Tide
Where water will drain away between high tides

51. 14-3 Tides Tides Timing Due to the rotation of the Earth and moon
Moon orbits the Earth slower than rotation
Causes tides to change position

52. 14-3 Tides Tide Types Tidal Range
The difference between levels of ocean water
High and low tide

53. 14-3 Tides Tide Types Spring Tides
When sun, Earth, and moon are in alignment
Maximum tide
Happen every 14 days

54. 14-3 Tides Tide Types Neap Tide
When sun, Earth, and moon form a 90 degree angle
Minimum daily range