1. The Oceans Chapters 13 & 14 - The Oceans, Waves, Tides & Currents More than 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by water. Pacific – largest & deepest Atlantic – ½ the size of the Pacific Indian – third largest Southern – surrounds Antarctica – South Pole Arctic – smallest – mostly frozen – North Pole - shallowest http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvrzM- BavDg&feature=share&list=PL360BF15470194323 origins of the oceans 4 min http://youtu.be/t90lVO1JkGc 4 min Five Oceans

2. The Ocean Floor Continental Shelf – starts at the shore and slopes gently into the ocean Continental Slope – begins at the edge of the shelf and continues to the flatter part of the deep ocean floor. Ocean Basin – the part of the Earth covered by ocean. Continental Margin http://youtu.be/K8blL9Ki2mQ 2 min the ocean floor

3. The Abyssal Plain Most of the ocean floor is a huge, dark, flat region know as the abyssal plain. Covered in mud with the remains of animals One of the flattest places on Earth. = 2 ½ miles Deep-Ocean Basin http://youtu.be/Uqly8ERIkHM 8 ½ min deep ocean

4. Ocean Trenches An ocean trench is a large, V-shaped valley. Formed by two oceanic plates pushing into one another and the heaviest plate forced under the other plate. Trenches are the deepest places in the oceans. Deep-Ocean Basin http://youtu.be/BYjyGfRp3F4 6 min Formation of the Mariana Trench

5. Mid-Ocean Ridges Mid-ocean ridges are underwater mountain ranges. Longest mountain chain on Earth – 40,000+ miles Form on the ocean floor where two plates pull apart and magma comes up to form the mountains. Deep-Ocean Basin http://youtu.be/bGye6vlOpbY 3 min Mid-Atlantic Ridge

6. Mid-Ocean Ridges Where the two tectonic plates pull apart, a rift valley is formed between the ridges of mountains. In the Atlantic Ocean, the rift valley is 50-75 miles wide. New crust is formed in the rift valley. Iceland was formed from a mountain within a mid-ocean ridge. Deep-Ocean Basin

7. Seamounts Underwater mountains that are far away from mid-ocean ridges are called seamounts. Form when melted rock below the crust pushes it way through the ocean floor and cools. Volcanic islands formed from seamounts - Hawaiian Islands – Cape Verde Islands (off coast of West Africa) Deep-Ocean Basin http://youtu.be/MlqdkuzfvJE 3 min Seamounts

8. Ocean Composition Microscopic organisms that float or drift freely near the ocean’s surface are called plankton. Phytoplankton – plant-like Zooplankton – animal-like http://youtu.be/xFQ_fO2D7f0 6 min plankton

9. Ocean Composition Ocean water is salty. Surface water washes over rocks in rivers and stream dissolving sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is common table salt. Desalination is the process of removing salt from sea water. http://youtu.be/gA_XVxhBmTQ 3 min Desalination http://youtu.be/aFXn1d5baCo 2 ½ min why is it salty?

10. Ocean Waves Ocean water is always in motion. A wave is a traveling disturbance that carries energy from one place to another. When wind blows across the water, the wind’s energy is transferred to the water. As a wave moves, it appears to be moving water forward. But in reality, the water is moving up and down. Most waves wash up along beaches. This movement pushes sand along the beach.

11. Tsunami A giant ocean wave that forms after a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake, or a landslide is called a tsunami. http://youtu.be/ceym2c18OQM 6 min - Japan http://youtu.be/bG37DEAb3Bc 1 min causes http://youtu.be/eeLlySDmjuw The Day of the Tsunami 20 min

12. At the shore, the level of the ocean rises and falls during the day. The tide is the rise and fall of ocean water. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and Sun. The moon’s gravity causes Earth’s surface water to bulge on the side of the Earth closest to the moon. Most shores have two high and two low tides. http://youtu.be/wPYeRJyMOAE 1 min Bay of Fundy, Canada http://youtu.be/Rn_ycVcyxlY 3 min tides Tides

13. Currents Another kind of ocean motion. A current is a flow of water in a certain direction. Warm water flows away from the equator. Cold water flows towards the equator. Important current – Gulf Stream (warm ocean current)

14. Causes of Currents Global winds are the main cause of surface currents. Differences in salinity (saltiness) causes deep currents. Earth’s rotation causes currents to move in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere. An undertow is subsurface current near the shore and pulls objects out to sea.

15. http://youtu.be/8101vCjM7nY 6 min - the deep ocean http://youtu.be/K8blL9Ki2mQ 2 min - the ocean floor http://youtu.be/iajgwP25sGQ 4 min - deep sea diving under the North Pole http://youtu.be/ngrZ7r0XA7M 3 min - oceans conservation http://youtu.be/q5ZQH2Uzpew 4 ½ min. - Vampire Squid http://youtu.be/nbPNw3JaL7w 3 min. - desalination Created by M. Brumbaugh TCMS - 2012 http://mail.colonial.net/~hkaiter/platetectonics.html Cool website http://youtu.be/qfhNjpu_IU4 2 min – Bay of Fundy http://youtu.be/OP0cpXpw8yk 1 ½ min - Bay of Fundy – tides – time lapse http://youtu.be/90sJGvU-8Z4 3 min Tidal Bore surfing http://youtu.be/fcyH0H0ggtA 10 min Lost Gold – SS Republic