1. European Claims in Muslim Regions
Chapter #9
Section #3

2. Stresses in Muslim Regions
Empires in Decline
- By the 1700s all three Muslim empires were in decline.
- The Ottomans in the Middle East
- The Safavids in Persia
- The Mughals in India
- The causes of decline were powerful landowning nobles, military elites, corruption, Muslim scholars and leaders.
Rise of Muslim Reform Movements
- In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements rose across various Muslim regions of Africa and Asia.
- Most stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior.
- In the Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad announced that he was the Mahdi, the long-awaited savior of the faith.
- The Mahdi and his followers fiercely resisted British expansion into the region.

3. The Mahdi

4. The Wahhabi
The Wahhabi movement in Arabia rejected the schools of theology and law of the Ottoman Empire.
- They wanted to recapture the purity and simplicity of Muhammad’s original teachings.
- The Wahhabi movement survived and its teachings remain influential in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia today.
European Imperialism
- The three Muslim empires faced powerful threats from Western Imperialists.
- European powers won treaties and trading rights through diplomacy and military threats.
- Europeans demanded special rights when living in Muslim regions and often intervened in local affairs.

5. The Wahhabi Movement

6. Problems for the Ottoman Empire

7. Nationalist Revolts Break Out
Ideas of Nationalism spread from Western Europe as internal revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.
- Peoples in North Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East threatened to break away.
- In the Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians and Romanians gained their independence.
- Egypt also slipped out of Ottoman control.
European pressure increased from the slow crumbling of the Ottoman Empire.
- France seized Algeria and Russia attempted to gain control of the Bosporus.
- Germany and its new empire built a Berlin-to-Baghdad railway in 1898.

8. Efforts to Westernize
During the late 1700s, several Ottoman rulers looked to the West for ideas.
They built railroads, improved education, and hired Europeans to train a modern military.
The reforms brought improved medical care and revitalized farming.
The adoption of Western ideas increased tension.
Sultans, rulers of the Ottoman Turkish empire rejected these reforms and tried to rebuild the autocratic power.
In the 1890s , a group of liberals formed a movement called the Young Turks, and overthrew the sultan.
Before the Young Turks could plan reform, World War I broke out in 1914.

9. Armenian Genocide
Genocide: is a deliberate attempt to destroy a racial, political, or cultural group.
The Otttomans let minority nationalities live in their own communities and practice their own religions.
Nationalism ignited new tensions between Turkish nationalists and minority peoples who sought their own states.
These tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people concentrated in the eastern mountains of the empire.
The Muslim Turks accused the Christian Armenians of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman empire.
When Armenians protested repressive Ottoman policies, the sultan had tens thousands of them slaughtered.
Over the next 25 years, between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians were killed or died from disease and starvation.

10. Armenian Genocide

11. Genocide

12. Egypt Seeks to Modernize
The Suez Canal

13. Outline I. Egypt seeks to Modernize A. Muhammad Ali Introduces Reforms1. 2. 3.
B. Building the Suez Canal
C. Becoming a British Protectorate

14. Homework
Standards Check
Section #2 Pg