1. ACIDS, BASES, AND pH pp. 39-44

2. Water Polar (covalent) compound Water has a positive (+) and negative (-) “pole” Water has a positive (+) and negative (-) “pole” (+) is due to H and (-) is O (+) is due to H and (-) is O acts like a magnet with + attracted to – acts like a magnet with + attracted to – pulls apart molecules like NaCl (ionic bond) pulls apart molecules like NaCl (ionic bond)

3. Water Bonding covalent bonds hold H 2 O together covalent bonds hold H 2 O together hydrogen bonds hold molecules of H 2 O hydrogen bonds hold molecules of H 2 O Covalent > Hydrogen Covalent > Hydrogen

4. Acids and Bases H 2 O = water H 2 O = water H + = hydrogen ion H + = hydrogen ion OH - = hydroxide ion OH - = hydroxide ion

5. Acids and Bases H 2 O  H + + OH - H 2 O  H + + OH - H + reacts with H 2 O H + reacts with H 2 O H 2 O + H +  H 3 O + (hydronium) H 2 O + H +  H 3 O + (hydronium) H 3 O + more commonly written as H + H 3 O + more commonly written as H + Acids: H + > OH- Acids: H + > OH- EX. HCl, H 2 SO 4 Bases: OH - > H + Bases: OH - > H + EX. NaOH, Mg(OH) 2 EX. NaOH, Mg(OH) 2

6. pH power of Hydronium measures acidity (from 0-14) and how much H 3 O + /H + is present. The closer to 0, the more the H 3 O + /H + measures acidity (from 0-14) and how much H 3 O + /H + is present. The closer to 0, the more the H 3 O + /H + 0 up to 7 = acid 0 up to 7 = acid 7 = neutral 7 = neutral over 7 = base/alkaline over 7 = base/alkaline Can use indicators to tell the pH ( phenol red, pH paper, litmus, BTB) Can use indicators to tell the pH ( phenol red, pH paper, litmus, BTB)