1. Basic Chemistry

2. Chemistry: Chemistry is the science of matter. –Scientists study chemicals, their properties, and REACTIONS (rxn).REACTIONS BIOCHEMISTRY is the chemistry of living things.BIOCHEMISTRY

3. Water: most chemical rxns occur only in water (universal solvent) 90% or more of cells is H2O essential to life Solutions are made up of the –Solute: –Solvent:

4. Elements most simple substance of matter cannot be broken down ex. Fe. O, Mg, Na

6. Valence Electrons: outermost electrons (carry negative charge) responsible for bonding goal: to have a full valence energy level

8. Boxes on the Periodic Table Each box on the PT contains the following information: –Atomic number = –Atomic Mass = –Atomic Symbol = –# of protons = –#of neutrons = –# of electrons = 6 C 12.001

9. Compound Chemically bonding of 2 or more elements formed by: 1.Ionic Bonds: 2.Covalent Bonds 3.Polar Bonds 4.Hydrogen Bonds

10. Ionic Bond: –transfer of valence e- –Forms between a metal and a nonmetal –Ex. KI  Potassium Iodide

11. Covalent bond: –Forms between 2 nonmetals –Ex. CO = Carbon Monoxide –Equal Sharing of Valence electrons

12. Polar Bonds between covalent and ionic bonds unequal sharing of the valence electrons have slightly positive and slightly negative ends Ex. Water!!

13. Adhesion and Cohesion Water is attracted to other water. –This is called cohesion. Water can also be attracted to other materials. –This is called adhesion.

14. Surface Tension the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water

15. Capillary Action Capillary action however, is related to the adhesive properties of water. water molecules are attracted to the straw molecules.

16. Hydrogen Bonds : –Weaker bonds than ionic and covalent –Allow for large biological molecules Ex. Proteins DNA –Bonds water molecules together

17. Acid and Bases: Are ionized Can conduct electrical current Located throughout the body –Ex. Mouth, stomach

18. Acid : Acids: Have extra H+ ions Have a sour taste Have a low pH (between 1 – 5)

19. Bases: Have OH- ions Have a slippery feel Have a high pH (b/w 8-12)

20. pH Scale: Based on the # of H ion present

21. Buffers: keep its pH constant resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added to them. In the body proteins act as a buffer, ex. Blood

22. Neutralization: Combing an Acids with a base results is neither an acid or a base. H+ form the acid and the OH- form the base combine to form water Ex. HCl + NaOH  NaCl +H 2 O acid + base  salt + water

23. Acid, Base Indicators: Phenolphthalein (base only) pH paper (both) Universal Indicator Solution (Both) Litmus paper (either) –Red –Blue

24. Litmus paper:

25. pH paper:

26. Universal Indicator Solution:

27. Phenolphthalein: Clear in the presence of an acid Pink in a base

28. Inorganic chemistry: compound usually does not contain carbon or hydrogen

29. Organic Chemistry: the compounds usually found in Living or once living things contains carbon and hydrogen most common elements in living things are: C, H, O, N, P Carbon is often referred to as the element of LIFE ***CHANGES ON THIS SLIDE***