1. Politics in 19 th Century Europe: Growth of the Political Spectrum November 16, 2009

2. Recall: Congress of Vienna, 1815 What did it do? Created balance of power in Europe Attempted to bring back old “legitimate” rulers of pre-1789 Europe (not entirely successful)

3. The Congress System, 1815 Alliance between Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Britain Added France in 1818 Made in order to keep the “status quo” Eastern European countries wanted to keep the old regime in power and give them as much power as possible without causing revolts

4. Prince Klemens Von Metternich Austrian foreign minister, 1809-48 Wanted to bring back old regime Worked hard to suppress rebellions in Europe that pushed for revolutionary change

5. Major movements after 1815 Spain New Constitution in 1812, gets repealed in 1815, series of civil wars happen until it’s brought back permanently in 1840 Formation of constitutional monarchy in 1840 Italy 1820, 1821, & 1831 - Revolts crushed by Austria with support from the Congress System (Metternich’s idea, supported by Prussia & Russia)

6. Major movements after 1815 Greece Part of the Ottoman Empire (Muslim), although they were Orthodox Christian 1830 – Became independent with support from Britain, France, and Russia Belgium 1831 – Support from Britain and England

7. Any Trends? What countries from the congress system seem to resist change? What countries are okay with accepting change through rebellions?

8. Accepted change and supported rebellions Any Trends? Resisted change and quelled rebellions  Radical change (Liberalism) supported in the west  Slow change (Conservatism) supported in the east

9. Conservatism Change needs to happen slowly over time Was the dominant belief in the east: Russia, Prussia, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire Metternich = Conservative Conservatism

10. Liberalism Society is the sum of all the individuals who comprise it Sovereignty was invested in all people (land owners), not the monarch alone The economy SHOULD NOT be controlled by the state, rather the people Supported the idea of economic freedom and Free Trade Conservatism Liberalism

11. France: Uneasy Stability Louis XVIII ruled as a constitutional monarch until 1824 Charles X and the “Ultras” July Revolution – 1830 – King into exile King Louis Phillipe (Louis XIX) – “King of the French” instead of “King of France”

12. France: Uneasy Stability July Revolution – 1830 Charles X ^ Louis XIX 

13. Liberty Leading the People

14. Britain: Ahead of the Game Experienced industrialization first Already had a limited monarchy (unwritten constitution) Economic equity for all (including the poor) Loss of welfare programs – Workhouses Factory Act, 1836; Ten hours Act, 184

15. Britain: Ahead of the Game British Workhouses

16. Britain: Ahead of the Game British Workhouses

17. Britain: Ahead of the Game British Workhouses

18. Free Trade Resulted in growing world industries from industrialization Britain’s Corn laws, repealed in 1846 France opens freer trade in the 1850s with a series of treaties – became heavy trading partner with Britain China - Opium War – 1840 – Britain demanded free trade and use of opium in China (15 million people addicted by 1900)