1. Unit 3 Forces & Motion

2. Forces Force- an action applied to an object to change its motion(push or pull) Units of lb, N (equal to kg. m/sec 2 ) If forces are balanced then the object won’t accelerate and it is said to be in equilibrium Unbalanced forces=acceleration Forces always occur in pairs!!!!!

3. Newton’s Laws of Motion Newton’s First Law: “AKA” the Law of Inertia Inertia- property of an object to resist change in state of motion an object will stay at rest until acted on by an unbalanced force In other words, things tend to keep on doing what they were doing in the first place unless you apply a force.

4. Newton’s Laws of Motion Newton’s Second Law: Unbalanced force causes an object to accelerate while the object’s mass resists acceleration F net =ma a=acceleration (m/sec 2 ), F= force (N), m=mass (kg) F net= Right – Left F net= Top - Bottom EX. Lighter cars go faster than heavier ones pushed with equal force. Lighter cars resist the force of acceleration less allowing them to move faster than heavier ones.

5. 3.3 Newton’s Third Law Newton’s 3 rd Law: For every action force there is a reaction force equal in strength & opposite in direction Can be positive or negative Examples: rockets, stepping into a boat, throw a ball when on a skate board

6. Net Forces Net Force - Total sum of all the forces that act on an object In the same direction – add forces together In opposite directions –subtract forces largest vector wins when forces act in opposite directions At right angles (a 2 + b 2 = c 2 ) When net Force = 0, there is no acceleration. This means the object is: Not moving OR Moving at a constant velocity

7. Gravity, Weight & Mass Gravity- Force pulling toward mass of planet Depends on mass Mass- amount of matter in an object compared to a standard Changes on other planets On Earth= -9.8m/s 2 Weight- force created by gravity, depends on mass It is a force acting on object in units of lb or N F w =mg F w = weight force (N) m=mass (kg) g=acceleration due to gravity (-9.8 m/sec 2 ) F w =mg F w = weight force (N) m=mass (kg) g=acceleration due to gravity (-9.8 m/sec 2 ) Fw m g

8. Free Fall- Drop straight down in the absence of air resistance. Acceleration due to gravity -9.8 m/sec 2 Object’s will experience uniform acceleration (uniform increases in velocity) when in free fall! Terminal Velocity- Highest velocity reached by a falling object When an object stops accelerating, but continues to fall, terminal velocity is achieved. Occurs when force of air resistance balances the weight of the object.

9. Law of Universal Gravitation force of attraction directly related to masses & indirectly related to distance F=G m 1 m 2 r 2  F= Force of attraction  G= Gravitational constant  m1 = mass object 1  m2 = mass object 2  r = radius btw the objects

10. Falling without air resistance – feather and elephant

11. Falling with air resistance

12. Skydiver

13. Friction: Reduces acceleration Works against motion Occurs when surfaces move against one another Causes wear on parts Examples of friction: Air friction- (air resistance)- aka – “drag” Sliding friction (rub hands together) Viscous friction- (oil in car engines & joint fluid) Rolling friction- (wheel on road, ball bearings) What is friction?

14. Rules of Friction If an object is slowing down, then the frictional force (Ff) is greater than the pulling force If an object is moving at a constant speed, then the frictional force (Ff) is equal to the pulling force If an object is speeding up, the frictional force (Ff) is less than the pulling force. F p =pulling force = F a =applied force F p or F a FfFf

15. Static Friction (F fs ) Sliding Friction (F fk ) The frictional force that must be overcome to get an object moving ( F fs ) μ s = F fs F N μ=coefficient of friction (ratio of frictional forces to the normal force) Fw: Weight Force = mass X gravity F N : Normal Force Often = to the Weight Force (Fw) The frictional force that exists once an object is in motion ( F fk ) AKA kinetic friction μ k = F fk F N

16. Free-body diagrams It is a diagram that visually represents the various forces being applied on an object: F static = friction force (F f ) F push = applied force (F A ) N = the normal or support force (F N ); perpendicular to surface W = weight of object (F W ) The sum of all of the forces involved is called the F NET

17. μ=coefficient of friction (ratio of frictional forces to the normal force) F N = Normal Force (support force) Often = to the Weight Force (Fw) F f = μ F N Coefficient of Friction

18. Sample Problem A 10-kg box is being pushed at a constant speed along a tile floor with a frictional force of 20 N. 1.Draw a free-body diagram. 2.Determine the value for the weight force, applied force and normal force. 3.What is the coefficient of friction between the tile and the box?

19. Sample Problem A 5-kg box is sitting on a tile floor that has a coefficient of friction of.32. 1.Draw a free-body diagram. 2.Determine the value for the weight force, friction force and normal force. 3.What is the minimum applied force needed to move the box?