1. Welcome to your AP GoPo Exam Review Session

2. Agenda Grab a snack (be neat, please, for my custodian) Concepts review (~ 1 hour) Group practice exam (~45 min) Reminders: Review materials available at

3. What to expect 2 hours, 25 min. of time to show off!! – 60 MC in 45 min. – 4 FRQs in 100 min. (25min each) Breakdown: – Constitutional Underpinnings (5-15%) – Political Beliefs & Behaviors (10-20%) – Political Parties, Interest Groups & Mass Media (10- 20%) – Institutions of Govt (Cong, Exec, Courts) (35-45%) – Public Policy (5-15%) – Civil Rights & Liberties (5-15%)

4. Foundations Article 1: Legislative “make laws” Power of the Purse Override presidential veto Establishes courts/sets # Impeachment: House brings charges; Senate holds trial House: Budget control Senate: advice & consent; ratifies treaties; confirms apptmts Article 2: Executive “enforce laws” Power of the Sword proposes laws appoints judges grants pardons vetoes/signs bills calls special session of Congress Article 3: Judicial “interpret laws” Power of the Law federal judges appointed for life judicial review: can declare laws & executive orders/actions unconstitutional Bill of Rights 1.Speech, Press, Religion, Assembly, Petition 2.Bear arms 4. Search & seizure 5. Rights of the accused 6. Court proceedings 8. Punishment/bails/fines 9. Unenumerated 10. Reserved powers 14 th Amendment Due Process: procedural/substantive Equal Protection Incorporation Doctrine Amendment Process 2/3 Congress proposes OR nat’l convention called by 2/3 states 3/4 states ratify OR ratified by ¾ state conventions Purposes of Government (preamble) Influences on Decl of Inde Weaknesses of Articles of Confed popular sovereignty separation of powers checks & balances enumerated powers reserved powers Connecticut (Great) Compromise NJ v. Virginia Plans Federalist #10 & #51 Feds v. Anti-Feds arguments factions

5. Federalism Delegated Powers of the Nat’l Gov’t Reserved Powers to the States Concurrent Powers Powers denied to both st/natl Powers denied to natl govt Powers denied to state govts Supremacy Clause McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) elastic clause enumerated v. implied powers marble cake (cooperative) federalism dual federalism fiscal federalism devolution mandates block grants categorical grants formula grants Full Faith & Credit Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Interstate Commerce Clause

6. Public Opinion How is public opinion measured? polling elections direct contact interest groups Political ideology Political culture Factors that influence public opinion Conservatives v. Liberals Demographic group preferences: age, gender, race, religion, region, class, education Sampling error Role of the media in public opinion Left wingRight wing Moderate Liberals Democrats Conservatives Republicans

7. Participation Linkage institutions Suffrage Types of participation: Voting, contacting officials, donating time or $, litigation, political discussion, running for office, protest Voting rates/tendencies Devices used against blacks: grandfather clause, poll taxes, white primaries, literacy tests What factors encourage/discourage participation? efficacy Expanding the Vote Jacksonian Democracy: most white males 15 th A’t (1870): African-American males 19 th A’t (1920): women 23 rd A’t (1961): DC votes Voting Rights Act of 1965: banned literacy tests 26 th A’t (1971): 18-yr-olds Motor Voter Act (1993): easier to register

8. Political Parties Linkage Institution Goals of parties Party machine Nat’l convention Primary elections Reasons for a 2-party system Role of minor parties Ticket-splitting Winner-take-all system Divided gov’t Gender gap Platform

9. Interest Groups Linkage Institution – Advocating for Policy Outcomes Primary goal of interest groups Strategies: electioneering, lobbying, litigation, PACs Who joins? Root causes of int grps? Theories of elitism: pluralism, hyperpluralism, class & elite Amicus curiae briefs Iron triangles (subgovernments) Grassroots Big name examples (NAACP, NRA, AARP) free rider problem protected by…?

10. Campaigns, Elections & The Media Linkage Institutions Money Make a Name Announce Iowa/NH Nat’l convention Winning the nomination v. winning the general election Open v. closed primaries Caucuses PACs & 527s Frontloading Realignment Pres v. congressional campaigns Federal Election Campaign Act 1973 Hard v. soft money Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002 Citizens United v. FEC (2010) Federal matching funds (for whom?) Initiative v. referendum coattails Horserace journalism Role of the media in elections: gatekeeper/scorekeeper/ watchdog Soundbites

11. The Executive Branch The President & The Bureaucracy President Chief Manager of the Economy Chief Citizen Chief Legislator Chief Diplomat Commander -in-Chief Chief Administrator Factors/people affecting Presidential Powers & Actions Closest advisors Congress SCOTUS Bureaucracy Political parties Media Citizenry Electoral College (Who? How? When? What?) 22 nd A’t 25 th A’t Formal v. informal powers Bully pulpit Cabinet (relationship w/Pres) Factors affecting public approval Executive privilege Executive orders & agreements reasons for growth of power US v. Nixon (1974) Revolving door Federal Reserve Board OMB Administrative discretion Patronage v. civil service system Independent regulatory commissions Gov’t corporations 16 th A’t Budget process Uncontrollable v. discretionary spending Chief of his Party Chief of State

12. Congress Thomas Jefferson once expressed his doubts about the usefulness of the Senate. “Why did you pour that coffee into your saucer?” George Washington asked. “To cool it,” Jefferson replied. “Even so,” Washington declared, “we pour legislation into the senatorial saucer to cool it.” Senate upper house 6 yrs 100 advice/consent confirmation House of Representatives lower house 2 yrs 435 originate tax bills Bicameralism Reapportionment Redistricting Gerrymandering Major diffs b/HoR & Senate Const’al powers Franking Filibuster/cloture Casework Pork barrel Oversight Leadership positions Powers of majority party Caucuses Standing v. conference committees House Ways & Means Committee Appropriations House Rules Committee Closed v. open rule Incumbency advantages Congressional staff Lawmaking process (yikes!!) Single-member v. at-large districts Budget resolution Continuing resolution Authorization v. appropriation bill Progressive v. regressive tax

13. Public Policy Stages of policy making (who does what in each?) Unemployment Inflation Fiscal policy Monetary policy Anti-trust SEC EPA FDA Means-tested programs Entitlements Environmental impact statement Welfare Reform Act 1996 Clean Air Act 1970 Endangered Species Act 1973 Isolationism Containment UN NATO EU

14. The Federal Judiciary district courts appellate courts Jurisdiction: original v. appellate brief civil v. criminal law Opinions: majority, concurring, dissenting judicial activism v. restraint precedent Rule of Four senatorial courtesy Solicitor General stare decisis strict constructionist writ of certiorari writ of habeas corpus ”typical” judicial nominee (factors affecting) Public Opinion: how protected from & how responsive to…

15. Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Incorporation doctrine civil liberties v. civil rights Due Process Clause of the 5 th /14 th A’ts Establishment v. Free Exercise Clause Exclusionary rule Prior restraint probable cause symbolic speech defamation double jeopardy Equal Protection Clause de jure v. de facto segregation affirmative action Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act 1965 Title IX Review a PLETHORA of cases… you know which ones are the LANDMARK, society- and history-changing ones!