1. Final AP Review Flash Cards

2. Compare/contrast a direct democracy with an indirect democracy (republicanism).

3. Marxist View

4. Power Elite View

5. Bureaucratic View

6. Pluralist View

7. Compare and Contrast the Political Theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

8. Explain how the Declaration of Independence incorporated some of the ideas of John Locke.

9. Describe some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

10. How did Shays’ Rebellion show some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

11. Factions

12. Federalist Papers

13. Federalist #10

14. Federalist #51

15. Great (Connecticut) Compromise

16. 3/5ths Compromise

17. Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution: POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

18. Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution: LIMITED GOVERNMENT

19. Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution: SEPARATION OF POWERS

20. Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution: CHECKS AND BALANCES

21. Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution: JUDICIAL REVIEW

22. Marbury v. Madison

23. Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution: FEDERALISM

24. Writ of Habeas Corpus

25. Bill of Attainder

26. Ex Post Facto Laws

27. Full Faith and Credit Clause

28. Supremacy Clause

29. Elastic Clause

30. Commerce Clause

31. Why did many states want the US Constitution to include a Bill of Rights?

32. Describe how the following court cases shaped the evolution of the Bill of Rights: Barron v. Baltimore (1833) Gitlow v. New York (1925)

33. 1 st Amendment

34. 2 nd Amendment

35. 3 rd Amendment

36. 4 th Amendment

37. 5 th Amendment

38. 6 th Amendment

39. 7 th Amendment

40. 8 th Amendment

41. 9 th Amendment

42. 10 th Amendment

43. 13 th Amendment

44. 14 th Amendment

45. 15 th Amendment

46. 16 th Amendment

47. 17 th Amendment

48. 19 th Amendment

49. 24 th Amendment

50. 25 th Amendment

51. 26 th Amendment

52. Process for Amending the Constitution

53. Definitions and Examples of Linkage Institutions

54. Definition and Example of Expressed Powers

55. Definition and Example of Implied Powers

56. Definition and Example of Inherent Powers

57. Definition and Example of Reserved Powers

58. Definition and Example of EXCLUSIVE Powers

59. Definition and Example of CONCURRENT Powers

60. McCulloch v. Maryland

61. Gibbons v. Ogden

62. Categorical Grants v. Block Grants

63. Unfunded Mandates

64. Devolution

65. What makes a Poll accurate?

66. Why should politicians follow polls?

67. Why shouldn’t politicians follow polls?

68. Political Efficacy

69. Internal vs. External Efficacy

70. Voters v. Non-Voters

71. PACs

72. Soft Money vs. Hard Money

73. 527 Organizations

74. Independent Expenditures

75. SuperPACs

76. Buckley v. Valeo

77. FEC

78. Citizens United v. FEC

79. McCain-Feingold Act (BCRA)

80. Primary Elections

81. Open Primary vs. Closed Primary vs. Blanket Primary

82. Why do many states try to hold their primaries/caucuses as early as possible? (“frontloading”)

83. How do caucuses differ from primaries?

84. Describe what occurs at conventions.

85. Delegates

86. Superdelegates

87. Reasons for Incumbency Advantage

88. Describe the pros and cons of being an incumbent presidential candidate.

89. Why do members in the House of Representatives tend to have a higher re-election rate than do members in the Senate?

90. Reapportionment, Redistricting, Malapportionment, Gerrymandering

91. Congressional vs. Presidential Elections

92. Single-Member Districts

93. Marginal vs. Safe Districts

94. Briefly explain how the Electoral College works

95. Why do we have the Electoral College?

96. Political Party

97. Functions of a Political Party

98. Why do we have a 2 party system?

99. Roles of Minor Parties

100. National Party Organization

101. Party Decline: How do we know?

102. Party Decline: Reasons

103. Party Identification Patterns: GENDER

104. Party Identification Patterns: RACE

105. Party Identification Patterns: EDUCATION

106. Party Identification Patterns: OCCUPATION

107. Party Identification Patterns: AGE

108. Party Identification Patterns: RELIGION

109. Party Identification Patterns: GEOGRAPHIC REGION

110. Party Realignment

111. Critical Elections

112. Interest Groups vs. Political Parties

113. Types of Interest Groups

114. Activities of Interest Groups

115. Iron Triangle vs. Issue Network

116. NRA

117. NAACP

118. NARAL

119. PETA

120. Sierra Club

121. AARP

122. NOW

123. ACLU

124. Media’s Role in Politics

125. Horserace Journalism

126. House Leadership

127. Senate Leadership

128. Congressional Committees

129. Why are committees more important/powerful in the HoR than in the Senate?

130. Standing, Joint, Select, & Conference Committees

131. House Rules Committee

132. House Ways and Means Committee

133. Appropriations Committee

134. Floor Action: HoR vs. Senate

135. Filibuster & Cloture

136. How a Bill becomes a Law

137. Constitutional Requirements to be President

138. Roles of the President: Description and Examples

139. Levels of Executive Branch

140. White House Staff

141. EOP

142. OMB

143. Executive Departments

144. Independent Agencies

145. Types of Independent Agencies

146. Quasi-Legislative and Quasi-Judicial powers of Independent Regulatory Commissions

147. National Security Council

148. Why do we have a Bureaucracy?

149. Merit System vs. Spoils System

150. Problems of Bureaucracy

151. Congressional Checks on Bureaucracy

152. Presidential Checks on Bureaucracy

153. SC Checks on Bureaucracy

154. Types of Federal Courts

155. Types of Jurisdiction and which courts have which types.

156. Term of Office for Federal Judges

157. Confirmation Process

158. Writ of Certiorari

159. Selection of Cases for Supreme Court

160. Amicus Curiae Brief

161. Stare Decisis

162. Types of Court Opinions

163. Warren Court

164. Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint

165. Majoritarian, Client, Interest Group, & Entrepreneurial Politics

166. Pork-Barrel Legislation

167. Logrolling

168. Deficit vs. Debt

169. Pocketbook Voting

170. Troika (Who and Roles)

171. Monetarism

172. Keynesianism

173. Economic Planning

174. Supply-Side Thoery

175. Reaganomics

176. Monetary Policy vs. Fiscal Policy

177. Federal Reserve

178. What does the FED do to control Monetary Policy

179. Structure of the FED

180. Budget Process

181. Largest Sources of Revenue

182. Largest Areas of Spending

183. Discretionary(controllable) vs. Mandatory (uncontrollable) spending

184. Entitlements

185. Gramm-Rudman-Hollings & Budget Enforcement Act of 1990

186. Kinds of Taxes

187. Means-Test

188. Examples of Means-Test Programs

189. Social Security

190. Medicare vs. Medicaid

191. Foreign Policy Options

192. Foreign Policy Groups (who? and roles)

193. Foreign Policy: Congress vs. President

194. Military Chain of Command

195. Defense Budget

196. Military-Industrial Complex

197. EPA

198. Pollution Offsets and Allowances

199. Selective Incorporation

200. 14 th Amendment

201. Freedom of Religion

202. Lemon Test

203. Freedom of Expression

204. Clear-and-Present Danger Test

205. Symbolic Speech

206. Preferred Position

207. Prior Restraint

208. 2 Types of Due Process

209. 4 th Amendment Protections and Limitations

210. Exclusionary Rule

211. Good-Faith Exception

212. Miranda v. Arizona, Escobedo v. Illinois

213. Gideon v. Wainwright

214. Court Rulings on the Death Penalty

215. Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties

216. Levels of Suspect Classifications

217. Plessy v. Ferguson; Brown v. BOE

218. Methods used during the Civil Rights Movement

219. Civil Rights Act of 1964

220. Voting Rights Act of 1965

221. De Jure vs. De Facto Segregation

222. Privacy Rights

223. Abortion Rights

224. Affirmative Action

225. Court Rulings on Affirmative Action