1. Chapter 2 E COLOGY

2.  Ecology is the scientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments are studied

3. M ILESTONES IN E COLOGY  1872 Yellowstone becomes the 1 st National Park in the U.S.  1987 The U.S. and other countries sign the Montreal Protocol in agreement to phase out the use of chemical compounds that deplete the ozone layer (CFC)

4. B IOSPHERE  The biosphere is the portion of Earth that supports life.  This is where ecologists study organisms and their environment

5. B IOTIC F ACTORS  Biotic factors are the living factors in an organism’s environment  Biotic factors include all of the organisms that live in the water, land and microscopic organisms

7. A BIOTIC F ACTORS  These are nonliving factors in an organism’s environment  This factors include: temperature, air, water currents, sunlight, soil type, rainfall, or available nutrients

8. L EVELS OF O RGANIZATION  The biosphere is too large and complex for most ecological studies. Therefore the biosphere is split into different levels.  These levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase

9.  Organism  Population  Biological community  Ecosystem  Biome  biosphere

10. M OVIE T IME http://glencoe.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0078802849/student_view0/unit1 /chapter2/concepts_in_motion.html#

11. C OMMUNITY I NTERACTIONS  Competition occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time  Predation is the act of one organism consuming another organism for food

12. S YMBIOTIC R ELATIONSHIPS  Symbiosis is the close relationship that exists when two or more species live together

13. M UTUALISM  Mutualism is when two or more organisms benefit from each other  Ex: One example is the relationship between sea anemones and clown fish: the anemones provide the fish with protection from predators and the fish defends the anemones against butterfly fish which eat anemones.

14. C OMMENSALISM  Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organisms in neither helped nor harmed

15. P ARASITISM  Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another organism  Ex: ticks on an animal or bacteria or worms inside the animal

16. Mutualism -- both species benefit Commensalism -- one species benefits, the other is unaffected Parasitism -- one species benefits, the other is harmed Competition -- neither species benefits Neutralism -- both species are unaffected

17. The relationship between a bee and a flower?

18. The relationship between a mosquito and a human?

19. The relationship between a tree and a bird’s nest?

20. The relationship between a tick and a rabbit?

21. The relationship between a Sycamore tree and a squirrel’s home?

22. The relationship between a Grouper and a cleaning goby?

23. Y OUR T URN !  Think of two different relationships between organisms you have heard of or seen  Describe both relationships and determine which category they fall into: mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism