2. + BRS 214 Introduction to Psychology Dawn Stewart BSC, MPA, PHD

3. + Introduction to Psychology Why is the field of health psychology needed? What factors have led to the increase of health Psychology Changing patterns in illness 20 th Century main causes of illness and death were acute illness. Such as ________

4. + Introduction to Psychology Such as TB, Pneumonia and other infectious diseases. They are short term illnesses. This has been replaced with chronic diseases such as hearth disease, cancer and diabetes. Chronic diseases main contributors to disability and death.

5. + Introduction to Psychology Physical rehabilitation is an important aspect of chronic illness. Chronic illness leads to: Anxiety Depression Thoughts of suicide or suicide Measures taken to improve activity level, physical independence, and ability to manage daily task will have positive effects.

6. + Introduction to Psychology Physical rehabilitation of chronically ill or disabled persons involve several goals: To learn to use one bodies as much as possible To learn to sense changes in the environment To learn new physical management skills To learn necessary treatment regimen To learn how to control the expenditure of energy

7. + Introduction to Psychology Mental Health is critical in the success of physical rehabilitation Patients usually have problems resulting from prior injuries or participation in physical activity early in life. Problems worsen with age Cognitive-behavioral interventions

8. + Introduction to Psychology Cognitive behavioral interventions (CBI) are based on the simple principle that thinking (an internal behavior) controls overt actions (external behavior). Therefore, through CBI programs (or curricula), persons learn new skills and new ways of thinking that can lead to changes in their behavior and actions, and ultimately affect their specific conduct.

9. + Introduction to Psychology Modern behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions emphasize the role of learning and adaptation to the environment both in shaping and maintaining normal life functions and in the emergence of maladaptive symptomatology. In essence, these approaches focus on behavior as important in its own right and often seek to change instances of disordered behavior via the application of clearly articulated basic principles of learning.

10. + Introduction to Psychology Three basic, interrelated perspectives exist:  classical conditioning, which emphasizes the learning of associations between classes of stimuli  Operant conditioning, which emphasizes the learning of relations between behaviors and their consequences  The cognitive perspective, which emphasizes the role of idiosyncratic beliefs and misconceptions in coloring each of the two earlier perspectives.

11. + Introduction to Psychology  Physical Rehabilitation must also tackle the very complex and serious problem of adherence to a long term medical disease.  Cognitive and behavioral interventions may be needed to help a patient adhere to a long term care situation.  Behavioral interventions can be highly effective in improving the quality of life for people who have developmental disabilities and display serious behavior problems.

12. + Introduction to Psychology Why have Chronic illness help spawn the field of health psychology. - They are diseases that psychological and social factors are implicated as causes. - People live with chronic diseases for many years. ( Psychological issues may arise in connection with the disease.)

13. + Introduction to Psychology Biopsycholigst: psychologists who study how processes in the body, brain and nervous system works. Nerve cell activity is the source of all experience and behavior. All sensations, thoughts, feelings, motives, actions (behavior) and memories stem from brain activity.

14. + Introduction to Psychology Child development and interaction of nature (heredity) versus nurture (environment) are particular interest to psychologist. Why?

15. + Introduction to Psychology Heredity: a person genetic make up influences his or her temperament, susceptibility to disease, potential cognitive abilities and much more. Environment: Factors such as parental involvement, socioeconomic situation, religion. Personal experiences, and many others are important to Childs life.

16. + Introduction to Psychology Heredity: a person genetic make up influences his or her temperament, susceptibility to disease, potential cognitive abilities and much more. Some scientists think that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions or even "animal instincts. " This is known as the "nature" theory of human behavior. Other scientists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so. This is known as the "nurture" theory of human behavior.

17. + Introduction to Psychology Nurture, by contrast, refers to various external or environmental factors to which an individual is exposed from conception to death. These environmental factors involve several dimensions. For example, they include both physical environments (e.g., secondhand smoking and prenatal nutrition) and social environments (e.g., the media and peer pressure).

18. + Introduction to Psychology Environmental factors vary in their immediacy to the individual; they involve multiple layers of forces, ranging from most immediate (e.g., families, friends, and neighborhoods) to larger contexts (e.g., school systems and local governments) to macro factors (e.g., international politics and global warming). To complicate matters even further, the factors in each of these layers influence and are influenced by elements within and outside of these layers. For example, the kind of peers a child is exposed to may depend on his or her parents' view of what ideal playmates are like, the local government's housing policies, and the history of race relations