2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Psychosocial Development In Early Childhood Part 2

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Guideposts for Study Guideposts for Study 1. How do preschoolers play, and how does play 2. What main forms of discipline and parenting styles do parents use, and how do parenting practices ?

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Guideposts for Study Guideposts for Study 3.Why do young children help or hurt others, and why do they develop fears? 4.How do young children get along with (or without) siblings? 5. How do young children choose playmates and friends, and why are some children more popular than others?

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Play is the work of young children and Through play children stimulate the, learn how to use their muscles, coordinate with movement, gain mastery over their bodies and

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Types of Play: –Active play involves repetitive muscular movements – play uses objects or materials to make something – play, also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginative play, rests on the symbolic function – with rules, such as hopscotch

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Play: The Business of Early Childhood Play: The Business of Early Childhood The Social Dimension of Play: –Parten found that as children get older, their play tends to become –Imaginative play, which shifts from solitary pretending to dramatic play involving other children, becomes more

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Young children follow unspoken rules as they organize their dramatic play. They practice interpersonal and language skills and explore social roles and conventions.

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parten’s Categories of Social and Non- Social Play behaviour- child appears to be interested in activity related to playing behaviour- child watches others at play and engages them in speech but is definitely only observing Play- child plays independently among others. They are not playing with them only along side without influencing them or interacting Play: Child plays with other children discussing borrowing and lending of toys. They are also choosing who is in control of the play. All children involved are interested in the group experience rather than just the play itself play- Group play that is organized such as formal games, drama etc. One or more of the group takes charge and by a division of labour they assume roles and support each others efforts.

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Play: The Business of Early Childhood Play: The Business of Early Childhood How Gender Influences Play: –Most boys like rough-and-tumble play in fairly large groups; girls are inclined to quieter play with one playmate

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. True or false.. You decide !! –Dramatic play--boys' stories often involve danger and discord (such as mock battles); girls' plots generally focus on maintaining or restoring orderly social relationships (playing house)

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. –The amount of time spent in play varies around the world –The frequency of specific forms of play differs across cultures and is influenced by the adults set up for children, a reflection of How Culture Influences Play

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Parenting Forms of Discipline: – punishment—physical force – assertion—physical or verbal force – techniques—setting limits, reasoning with child – —ignoring or showing dislike for child

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parenting Parenting Parenting Styles: – parents, (Baumrind), value control and unquestioning obedience. – parents value self-expression and self- regulation. – parents value a child's individuality but also stress social constraints. –Neglectful, or --to describe parents who, focus on their own needs rather than on those of the child (Maccoby & Martin).

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Parenting Promoting Altruism And Dealing With Aggression And Fearfulness: –Altruism=acting out of concern for another person with no. –Prosocial behavior, voluntary activity intended to –The family is important as a –Children act appropriately since they want to earn praise and avoid disapproval.

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. In a society in which “good Samaritans” are sometimes reviled for “butting into other people’s business” and sometimes attached by the very persons they try to help, is it wise to encourage children to offer help to strangers ?

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Parenting Causes of Aggression And Fearfulness: – aggression=used as an instrument to reach a goal – aggression=action intended to hurt another person –A early relationship with the mother is a factor –Harsh punishment, especially –Fears may come from personal experience or from hearing about other people's experiences

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Relationships With Other Children Relationships With Other Children Siblings—Or Their Absence: –By competing with and comparing themselves with other children, they can gauge their physical, social, cognitive, and linguistic competencies and gain a more realistic sense of self (Bandura, 1994) –Ties between brothers and sisters often

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Relationships With Other Children Relationships With Other Children Playmates And Friends: –Through friendships and interactions with casual playmates, young children learn how –Well-liked preschoolers and kindergartners, and those who are rated by parents and teachers as, generally cope well with anger.

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Can you… Explain how preschoolers choose playmates and friends, how they behave with friends, and how they benefit from friendships? Discuss how relationships at home can influence relationships with peers?