1. Urbanization—
p. 203

2. Urbanization
For most of human history, there were only a dozen cities.
Most people lived in towns and villages.
As Britons and Europeans were pushed off farmlands by technology, they migrated to
Towns
Colonies abroad
Swollen towns became new cities.
New health and social issues developed.
Slowly, an improved standard of living developed.

3. Germ theory:
The invention and use of the microscope allowed science to realize the existence of microbes.
The idea developed that many diseases and infection were caused by these microscopic life forms.

4. Louis Pasteur: French chemist who studied microbes and disease.
He connected them to each other.
He made discoveries about rabies and anthrax.
He also developed “pasteurization” (a heating process that kills microbes) for milk.

5. Robert Koch: German doctor who identified the tuberculosis bacterium.
A cure for TB would take a few generations, but it was found.

6. Florence Nightingale:
A British nurse, who developed ways to make hospitals cleaner and safer.
Using techniques she developed in the Crimean War, 1854, she made sure that all objects in the hospital were clean (sterile).
utensils,
sheets,
clothes,
beds,
Doctors, nurses
Patients
She opened Britain’s first nursing school.

7. Joseph Lister:
British (English) surgeon, researched how antiseptics prevented infection.
Developed rules for surgeons to sterilize their instruments and hands before operating.

8. Urban renewal:
Leaders in Western cities promoted demolition of slums and old sections
replaced them with
wide boulevards,
squares,
office buildings,
department stores,
government offices,
theaters.
Restaurants

9. Urban renewal: Many people were moved from their homes to make room
many were hired to do the work,
They had money to find new homes in the city.
The wealthy moved to quiet, bucolic suburbs
Mass transit took the rich into town to work…..

10. EC: Cities attracted people because: (5)
Action and excitement
Markets with new, interesting things
Different cultures
Sports
Entertainment

11. Mutual-aid society: an early form of labor union.
Workers created them when labor unions were illegal.
Sick and injured workers were given assistance from the fellow members.

12. Labor Reform
EC: Reforms made possible by labor unions and progressive law-making: (9)
Better wages (minimum wage)
Job safety
Job security
Benefits (health, dental, optical)
Outlaw child labor
Banning employment of women in mines
Eight-hour workday
Old-age pensions
Disability insurance

13. Unions were not perfect: (6)
Most unions did not include women
Women paid half wages of men
Unskilled workers had no union protection
Unskilled earned less than skilled
Farm workers had no union protection
Immigrants were often excluded or even attacked by union members.

14. Standard of living:
the measurement of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.

15. Industrial Standard of Living
Signs of improvement:
Better, cleaner homes and public places
Sanitation
hygiene: bathing, hot water, pasteurization, antiseptic,
Better, diverse diets
Columbian Exchange (1500 to 1900):

16. Better, diverse diets Columbian Exchange (1500 to 1900):
European powers explored the world and colonized many places.
Food from these colonies changed Europe’s diet and health.
Some problems also emerged from the communication

17. End hwk
Begin class work

18. EC: Other changes or innovations in cities: (12)
Paved streets
Gas lamps (later: electric lamps)
Police forces
Fire departments
Sewage systems
Street sanitation
Skyscrapers
Multi-story apartment buildings
Public parks
Public zoos
Public museums
Public schools

19. Biography, p. 204
How did Nightingale achieve reforms in British army hospitals?
By insisting military and medical staff clean barracks, dig latrines, do laundry, get wounded into clean beds.

20. Standards Check, p. 204
What factors cause population rates to soar between 1800 and 1900?
Better diets, hygiene, medicine and sanitation.

21. EC: Slums continued to exist:
The lower lower-class suffered the worst conditions….. (6)
lived in the older, rundown city center
overcrowded,
filthy,
crime-ridden
Alcoholism
Filled with immigrants as upper lower class moved out.

22. EC: Upper lower-class (6)
The upper lower-class had more opportunities
could afford the occasional escape:
Day trips, outings (by rail, car)
Move family to better neighborhoods
Better clothing
Newspapers
Music hall
baseball

23. Cause and Effect, p. 206 Social effects: Economic effects:
Expansion of the middle class
Public education
Reform movements
Pollution
Medical care
urbanization
Economic effects:
Growth of labor unions
Rise of big business
Factories
New methods of production
New products
World trade

24. Review: Other changes or innovations in cities:
Paved streets
Gas lamps (later: electric lamps)
Police forces
Fire departments
Sewage systems
Street sanitation
Skyscrapers
Multi-story apartment buildings
Public parks
Public zoos
Public museums
Public schools

25. Better, cleaner homes and public places Better, diverse diets
EC: What were three general social improvements in the industrial standard of living? (5)
Better, cleaner homes and public places
Better, diverse diets
Better, diverse, affordable clothing
Better medicine and health care
Mass transportation

26. Standards Check, p. 206 More jobs Urban renewal Sanitation
Entertainment
Slum conditions
Higher crime rates

27. Image, p. 207
What does the clothing of the people in the poster suggest about their social rank?
They were middle class people who could afford nice clothes and leisure activities.
EC: what items show their middle class standard of living?
Top hats
Frilly hats
Sailor suits for boys
Stylish suits for men
Stylish dresses for ladies
Leather gloves
Extra time to go to the cinema

28. Standards Check, p. 207
How did workers try to improve their living and working conditions
Through protest and pressure on the government.

29. p. 209: Thinking Critically— Electricity's impact:
Questions
1 Which country had the fewest number of electric generation stations by 1913? Largest? Why was there such a big difference between the two?
Russia
The United States
Russia was far behind, US was steadily expanding.
2 How did electricity change daily life?
Home lighting and heating
Eased housework, women had more free time.
Increased transportation and communication
Increased business productivity

30. Quick Write
How did medical advances lead to the growing world population?