1. I. The Road to War

2.  “War to end war had proved a failure. The war is won, yet nowhere is there peace, security or happiness.” – Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 1.Isolationism – withdrawal from world affairs a)Partially followed by U.S. in 1920s and 30s b)Isolationists wanted to avoid alliances as warned by Washington and Jefferson c)Didn’t want to cut off the U.S. from the rest of the world like true isolationism

3. 1.Disarmament – reducing the size of a country’s military  Wanted by many leaders of the women’s movement and others 2.Washington Conference (Nov. 1921) a)Focused on naval disarmament and Pacific security b)Led to naval reductions and restrictions on building new ships

4. 3.Kellogg-Briand Pact a)Outlawed war “as an instrument of national policy” but allowed countries to go to war in self-defense  Originally signed by U.S. and France, agreed to by 62 countries b)Unenforceable, fell apart after Japan invaded Manchuria (northern China) in 1931

5. 1.Allies owed U.S. more than $10 billion 2.German reparations set at $32 billion 3.Most war debts and reparations eventually went unpaid 1.Strengthened relations with Latin America 2.Emphasized diplomacy through economics instead of military involvement

6. II. The Rise of Militarism & Dictatorships

8.  Benito Mussolini – Il Duce/The Chief 1.Rise to power – Fascist Party founded in 1921, Mussolini took power a year later 2.Goal – to destroy Communism in Italy and control everything 3.Ruled as a dictator by 1925, ended free press and civil liberties 4.Fascism – belief that a military-dominated government should control all aspects of society (extreme nationalism)

9.  Joseph Stalin (Stalin = “Man of Steel”) 1.1924 – Lenin dies, power struggle 2.1927 – Stalin emerges as leader, often assassinating his enemies and opponents 3.Totalitarian state – a government that places all emphasis on the state and strictly controls all aspects of life

10. 4.Restricted individual freedoms 5.Government took over control of farms (collectivization) and nationalized industries 6.Five-Year Plans – by 1939 USSR was third largest industrial state (U.S. and Germany) 7.Great Purge – 8-13 million Russians executed who were “enemies of the state” 8.Anyone who criticized the government was sent to prisons in Siberia or executed

11.  Adolf Hitler 1.Beer Hall Putsch (1923) – Hitler’s party tries to take over government by force after German economy falls apart 2.Nazi Party – National Socialist Worker’s Party – blamed Jews, Communists and others for Germany’s problems 3.Mein Kampf (My Struggle) – Book written while in prison stated Hitler’s Nazi beliefs  3 main themes – extreme nationalism, national expansion (lebensraum – living space), belief in master race (Aryans)

12. 4.May 1932 – Nazis win 40 percent of seats in German elections, enough to take power 5.January 1933 – Hitler named German chancellor 6.End of democracy – formed Third Reich (3 rd German Empire) – crushed all political opposition 7.Rearmament – Hitler rearms German military in clear violation of Versailles treaty

13. 1.Military leaders seek to expand territory 2.Manchuria – Resource-rich Chinese province taken over by Japan in 1931 – army acted without approval of government 3.League of Nations response – condemns actions, Japan quits League 4.Military leaders gradually take over government from Emperor Hirohito 5.1937 – Japan invades mainland China

14. III. War Breaks Out

15. 1.Germany upset – Humiliated by demilitarization and reparations 2.Russia upset – Lost land because they bailed early 3.Italy feels it didn’t get anything out of it – Got a little land but no power 4.New democratic governments that were created couldn’t handle economic pressure and fell apart

16. 1.1935 – Italy invades Ethiopia 2.Neutrality Acts (1935-1939) – Congress banned arms sales and loans to nations at war  Spanish Civil War – US sits idle, Axis aids Franco 3.1936 – Rhineland – Germany reoccupies demilitarized zone near border with France and Belgium 4.Rome-Berlin Axis – treaty signed by Italy and Germany in October 1936

17. 5.1937 – Roosevelt said U.S. must help isolate aggressive nations but the country didn’t agree 6.December 1937 – Rape of Nanking – Japanese invasion of China – brutal attack and occupation of Chinese city 7.Anschluss – Austrian leader bullied into signing agreement with Hitler in March 1938

18. 8.Sudetenland – a)Region of Czechoslovakia populated by many ethnic Germans, Hitler wanted it b)Munich Conference (Sept. 1938) – Hitler allowed to take Sudetenland, promises not to take any more land c)Appeasement – giving in to demands to prevent a larger conflict  Different views of Hitler –

19. 1. France was demoralized 2. Britain did not want to confront Germany 3. Many thought Communism was the bigger threat 4. Great Depression “sapped” energy of western democracies 5. US neutrality acts; wanted to avoid involvement in another European war

20. October 1938 Showing some of the political casualties of the Fascist advance, British cartoonist David Low signals his distaste for the Munich Agreement.

21. 1.Nonaggression Pact – Aug. 23, 1939 – Germany and USSR agree not to attack each other  Secret deal for each to take part of Poland 2.Britain and France announce that they will go to war if Germany attacked Poland

24. 4.September 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland 5.September 3 – Britain and France (Allied Powers) declare war against Germany 6.Soviet Union annexes Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and attacks Finland 7.“Cash and Carry” – U.S. agrees to sell weapons and supplies, but must be paid in cash and be carried on foreign ships

25. 8.Election of 1940 a)Nominees – FDR (D) vs. Wendell Wilkie (R) b)Result – FDR becomes first person elected to third term c)Roosevelt’s view – U.S. entry in war was a matter of time

27. 9.Lend-Lease Act  Gave $7 billion in for ships, planes, tanks and other supplies to non-Axis countries 10.War Picks Up a)Phony War – months of inaction after Poland b)Blitzkrieg – “lightning warfare” c)Maginot Line – French defenses along the German border

29. d)May 1940 – Germany invades France through Belgium (again) e)Dunkirk – 100s of thousands of British, French and Belgian troops flee across English Channel on any kind of boat f)France surrenders when Italy attacks from south, Charles de Gaulle flees to England to start a government in exile (Free France)

31. 11.Tripartite Pact – Sept. 1940 –  Japan joins Italy and Germany in the Axis  Problem for U.S. – Possibility of war in Europe and Pacific existed 12.Winston Churchill – longtime critic of Hitler became British prime minister in May 1940

32. 13.Battle of Britain a)What happened? Luftwaffe (German Air Force) bombing runs b)British response – New invention of radar used by RAF to stop German attacks c)Prevents Hitler from controlling all of Europe  “ Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.“ -- Churchill, August 20, 1940

34. 1.German submarines attack ships in the Atlantic Ocean, so U.S. increases aid to the Allies 2.Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms Speech – Jan. 6, 1941 3.Atlantic Charter – Declaration of principles between US and Britain a)Seek no territorial expansion b)Pursue no territorial changes w/o consent of inhabitants c)Respect right of people to form own free government d)Freedom of international trade e)Freedom from want and fear f)International cooperation to improve lives g)Stop aggression h)Permanent system of general security – UN agreed to by 26 nations

36. 3.FDR orders U.S. Navy to shoot German U-Boats on sight 4.German Wolf Packs – groups of U-boats 5.Operation Barbarossa (June 1941) – a)Hitler’s plan for the German invasion of USSR b)US gives aid to Soviet Union c)Hitler predicts victory in six weeks, six months later, fighting was still going on d) “Scorched earth” – Leaving nothing behind for the enemy to use e)Many similarities to Napoleon, including end result f)US extends lend-lease to USSR

38. 1.By summer 1941, Japan wanted Allied powers’ colonies (especially raw materials and natural resources) in Pacific and only US stood in the way 2.U.S. and Japan try to negotiate peace but are unable to reach agreement 3.U.S. breaks code and knows an attack is coming but doesn’t know where or when

39. 4.December 7, 1941 -- Pearl Harbor a)Japanese invasion of U.S. naval base in Hawaii b)Impact – 18 ships sunk or damaged, nearly 200 planes destroyed, 2,400 people killed c)Next day – U.S. declared war on Japan  “December 7, 1941 – a date which will live in infamy” d)Dec. 11 – Germany and Italy declare war on US http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/pearl.htm http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrpearlharbor. htm