1. Hiromi KOMORI Kyoto University

2. 1. Background 2. How and why collective memories are used? (1) After the restoration of independence (2) The second part of 1990s (3) After the EU accession

4.  ap. 80% of population has Estonian citienship  Stateless ： 494,000 （ 1992 ） ⇒113,142 （ 2008 ）  Citizenship of Russia ： 95,896/1,350,000 （ 2008 ）

6.  the civic and the social rights  the right to vote in the local election  an alien passport to travel abroad

7.  language law and citizenship law  Estonian is a state language  people who came to Estonia after 17 June, 1940 and their descendant should apply for citizenship  policy was legitimized, using the Estonian version of historical narratives

8.  For the EU membership, Estonia should amend the legislations related to the Russian minorities  Integration program was formulated  the narratives over Russian minorities changed: the occupant/illegal immigrant to immigrant  policies became more inclusive, but not totally

9. the division in the society still remains, even widened? not based on languages, but on memories (1) the event on 26-27 April, 2007 over the bronze soldier (2) the disturbance over the monument in Lihula (autumn 2004) (3) Sinimäe museum

16.  Collective memories of the Estonian nation are not homogeneous  Internal conflicts in the Estonian elite based on the experiences in the Perestroika period are sometimes the reasons for the memory conflicts  Ambiguity over the European value make the attitudes of the Estonian elite fluctuate

17.  The number of Russian speakers who got the Russian citizenship has increased after the event in 2007.  The division among Russian speakers are getting remarkable.  The contentious memories between Estonia and Russia as a state seem to be difficult to reconcile in the foreseeable future, at the same time we should explore the setting behind the conflicting memories.