1. The European Enlargement 2007: Impacts of post-Communist Transformation of Romania and Bulgaria

2. Introduction  Research Question  Historical background  Methodology  Transition Analysis  The Accession Process  Impact

3. Research Question ‘ What impact has the European Union had on the political, economic and institutional transition from communism to multi-party democracy in Romania and Bulgaria from 1990 to the proposed accession date of April 2007?. How much of these changes can be directly linked to EU intervention, or would this transition had occurred to the same level without this intervention?

4. Historical Background  Romania  Bulgaria

5. Methodology  Active and passive leverage  European Conditionality  Integration by stealth  Economic vs security reasons  Return to Europe

6. Transition Analysis Timeline of transition Timeline of transition Governments attitude to reform Governments attitude to reform Events of 1996-7 Events of 1996-7

7. The Accession Process Role of EU in transition process Role of EU in transition process The Accession Process of Romania and Bulgaria The Accession Process of Romania and Bulgaria Economic, political and institutional reform Economic, political and institutional reform

8. Impact Importance of EU to process of reform Importance of EU to process of reform Implications for the future Implications for the future