1. PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP)
By: Liz Masterson

2. PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP) Names
PCP stands for 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine, the systematic (IUPAC) name for the drug phencyclidine. The chemical formula of PCP is C17H25N.
Angel Dust
Hog
Ozone
Rocket Fuel
Shermans
Wack
PCP combined with marijuana include Killer Joints, Super Grass, Fry, Wets, and Waters.
Changed people into the ‘‘living dead’’
Its street use occurred initially in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, which had become world famous as the psychedelic capital.

3. Classification hallucinogen Dissociative Anesthetic
depressant or stimulant
Schedule II
a central nervous system excitant
PCP can be classified both as an hallucinogen and as an anesthetic. For legal purposes, the (DEA) considers PCP a hallucinogen, meaning it can make people see, hear, feel, and otherwise sense things that are not real. Scientists classify it an anesthetic- a substance that causes a loss of sensation in the body. Dissociative because users appear disconnected from the environment
Depending on the dosage, PCP also acts as a depressant or as a stimulant, slowing down or speeding up normal body functions.
Schedule II (as a reminder: high potential abuse, has accepted medical use in the U.S. with severe restrictions
Acts on central nervous system

4. History developed in the 1950s as an anesthetic.
promise for use in humans during surgery b/c of its strong numbing effect.
1960s, PCP's dangerous side effects began to be noticed.
PCP's primary action is dissociative- it makes the mind feel separated from the body.
PCP was used in veterinary medicine but was never approved for human use b/c of problems that arose during clinical studies
In 1978, all legal manufacture of PCP was stopped in the U.S.
Illegal laboratories
PCP was developed in the 1950s and following studies on lab animals, it was recommended for clinical trials on humans in as an anesthetic. It showed promise for use in humans during surgery because of its strong numbing effect. Unfortunately, the drug also has a dissociative effect, meaning it causes users to feel disconnected from their bodies.
During the 1960s, PCP's dangerous side effects began to be noticed. Dissociative effect was very scary for some people, and they panicked as a result.
never approved for human use because of problems that arose during clinical studies, including extreme agitation experienced by patients emerging from anesthesia.
As a result, in 1967 the use of PCP was restricted to “veterinary use only” and it quickly became the most popular animal tranquilizer.
However, PCP got into the hands of a population of young people who disregarded the “veterinary use only”. People were willing to do anything to feel a new ‘high’ and test the limits
In 1978, all legal manufacture of PCP was stopped in the United States because street use was becoming too widespread. Illegal laboratories still continued to produce the drug because it is fairly easy and cheap to make.

5. Production synthetic substance- made in a laboratory.
ingredients used in its manufacture are completely artificial and not found in nature.
Powerful odor
manufacture of PCP is a two-stage reaction.
First, PCC is created by reacting piperidine, cyanide, and cyclohexane.
This product is then reacted with phenylmagnesium bromide to form the final product.
total reaction time for completion requires 16 to 18 hours.
Los Angeles Street Gangs and big cities have higher usage rates
PCP is a synthetic substance, meaning that it is made in a laboratory. The ingredients used in its manufacture are completely artificial and not found in nature. The only way to create it is to use industrial chemicals.
One ingredient in PCP is cyanide, a deadly poison. Other ingredients are chemicals that may be used to make plastics, motor fuels, etc. In fact, one of the clues that leads to the discovery of an illegal PCP lab is the strong odor of chemicals. When found in large amounts, PCP gives off a powerful odor like that of ammonia. Labs are also found due to explosions or fires caused by careless handling of these chemicals by the illegal drug manufacturers.
Manufacture is a 2 step procedure: first react piperidine, cyanide, and cyclohexane
Then react product with phenyl magnesium bromide to form final product
Total time is hrs
Much of the manufacture of PCP is carried out by Los Angeles street gangs. Overall, big cities tend to have a higher percentage of PCP use than more rural areas. Traditionally, males have been the most frequent users, but this pattern appeared to be changing in the early 2000s
Overall, its manufacture is centered in the Los Angeles area in California, although illegal laboratories have been found in other places around the country.

6. Users
Since PCP is only made illegally, there is no way to know exactly how much PCP is actually being taken, making the use of this drug particularly dangerous.
estimated 6 million U.S. residents aged 12 and older used PCP at least once in their lifetime.
More than 3 percent of high school seniors in the United States used the drug at least once in their lifetime
PCP is an addictive drug
produced in liquid, powder, and tablet form: It is smoked, snorted, injected, or swallowed.
term for PCP addicts is "dusters."
Since PCP is only made illegally, there is no way to know exactly how much PCP is actually being taken, making the use of this drug particularly dangerous.
Data reported in the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse indicate that an estimated 6 million U.S. residents aged 12 and older used PCP at least once in their lifetime.
More than 3 percent of high school seniors in the United States used the drug at least once in their lifetime
PCP is an addictive drug that can cause psychological dependence, craving and compulsive behavior
produced in liquid, powder, and tablet form. There are numerous methods of taking it. It is smoked, snorted, injected, or swallowed.
Some people use PCP regularly. The slang term for PCP addicts is "dusters." Some dusters say the only reason they continue to seek out the drug is because of their physical addiction, while others crave the physical and emotional numbness the drug brings.

7. PCP in liquid, powder, and tablet form.

8. Affects/Risks
Most first-time users experience a bad “trip” and never use it again, but persistent abuse can cause permanent damage.
Physical effects include: * Shallow breathing * Profuse sweating * Nausea and vomiting * Drooling * Loss of balance and dizziness * Slurred speech
Psychological effects include: * Unpredictable and often violent behavior * Increased risk of suicide * Mood changes * Anxiety
Long-term effects include: * Addiction * Memory loss * Difficulty with speech or thought * Depression * Weight loss * Flashbacks * Mood disorders
PCP affects multiple neurotransmitter systems in the brain.
Most first-time users experience a bad “trip” and never use it again, but persistent abuse can cause permanent damage.
Physical effects include: * Shallow breathing * Profuse sweating * Nausea and vomiting * Drooling * Loss of balance and dizziness * Slurred speech
Psychological effects include: * Unpredictable and often violent behavior * Increased risk of suicide * Mood changes * Anxiety
Long-term effects include: * Addiction * Memory loss * Difficulty with speech or thought * Depression * Weight loss * Flashbacks * Mood disorders
PCP affects multiple neurotransmitter systems in the brain.
PCP is an addictive drug that can cause psychological dependence, craving and compulsive behavior. The body becomes dependent on the drug. If the user fails to get a dose, the body will react with withdrawal symptoms. High doses of PCP can cause seizures, coma and even death as a consequence of accidental injury or suicide while under the drug’s effects. The effects of PCP at high doses may also resemble symptoms of schizophrenia

9. Detection Substance: Urine Hair Saliva PCP
1 to 5 days; Chronic Use: up to 30 days
up to 90 days
24 to 36 hours
PCP is commonly taken orally, by inhalation, or intravenously, and is well absorbed with all routes of administration, concentrating fastest in fatty tissues and the brain. PCP is excreted in the urine in moderate amounts (10% of the dose). The half-life for PCP varies, with a range of 8 to 55 hours and an average of 18 hours.

10. Legal Consequences/ Treatment
manufacture, sale, use, & possession of PCP are illegal in the U.S. and the U.K.
In the U.S., first-time offenders may end up in prison for years and be fined up to $4 million
Repeat offenders can face a penalty of 20 yrs.- life in prison and fines of up to $8 million.
The treatment for PCP involves detoxification, or withdrawal.
The manufacture, sale, use, and possession of PCP are illegal in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United States, first-time offenders may end up in prison for five to forty years and be fined up to $4 million. Repeat offenders can face a penalty of twenty years to life in prison and fines of up to $8 million.
The treatment for PCP, like other addictive drugs, involves detoxification, or withdrawal. Before recovery can occur, the association with the drug has to end. When access to the drug ends, the body begins to react, inflicting a wide range of unpleasant sensations and experiences on the addict. Withdrawal can include pain, nausea, cramps, sweating and chills, convulsions, mood swings, depression, anger, anxiety, and paranoia.
The process usually takes between five days and a week. Counseling may begin during or before withdrawal

11. Bottom Right = hippies gathered, danced, and discussed politics in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco during the 1960s. The first reports of illicit use of PCP occurred in this area in 1967
Bottom Left = PCP's primary action is dissociative, meaning that it makes the mind feel separated from the body.