1. GREECE

2. GEOGRAPHY
Mountainous - mountains separated different areas from one another.
Promoted the formation of individual city-states

3. MINOAN CIVILIZATION (2000 - 1400 B.C.)
Flourished on the island of Crete
Traders in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
Capital at Knossos
1. height of power under King Minos
2. palace has 800 rooms and no defensive walls
Civilization dies out around 1400 B.C. (invasion or earthquake)

4. Mycenaean Civilization
( B.C.)
Built strong fortress cities
1. ruled by warrior kings
2. wealth through plunder and trade
3. Mycenae and Tiryns are major cities
King Agamemnon attacks Troy
Myceneans decline due to disasters
Enter the Dark Ages

5. TROJAN WAR
( B.C)

6. EARLY GREEK CITY-STATES chapter 4 sect 2
Aristocrats - wealthy landowners (landlords)
when farmers fail to pay rent - they become slaves
*TYRANT- gained power by using hired soldiers
- could gain favor of people by freeing slaves
Democracy – rule by the people (many)
1. 1st in Athens
2. populations are small so people can participate in government – Direct Democracy
Oligarchy - rule by a few (Sparta)

7. ATHENIAN CITIZENSHIP
Qualifications
1. male and free
2. parents free
3. native born
Age 18 you take the oath
Serve two years in the military
Education (boys only)
1. ages 8-18: grammar, rhetoric, music
2. learned history and religious beliefs
3. sports and gymnastics
Women in Athenian society had no political or legal rights

8. HEIGHT OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
Pericles leads Athens through the Golden Age
1. political thought and open discussion were encouraged
2. Athens is rebuilt and becomes the intellectual center of Greece and the Mediterranean

9. SPARTA
Dorians enslaved the local population and establish the city of Sparta
1. slaves are called HELOTS
2. Helots outnumber Spartans 20 to 1
Government Organization
1. monarchy - 2 kings
2. council of 28 Elders - advise kings
3. assembly of citizens approve all decisions
4. five EPHORS direct the daily affairs of the people and watch the Helots

10. SPARTAN WAY OF LIFE Strong military state
Military governs ALL aspects of life
1. babies are brought before the EPHORS to be judged
2. age 7 - boys leave home and live in military barracks
3. youths are expected to get by (survive) on their own
4. learned to read and write
5. married at age 20 - live in barracks for another year
6. age 30 - men become citizens
7. Spartan women bear children
Helots - the captured people who farmed

11. PERSIAN WARS
The Ionian Greek colonies on the western coast of Asia Minor had fallen subject to Persian rule.
In 499 B.C. the Ionian cities attempted a rebellion and were aided by the Athenian Navy
The Persian King Darius decided to seek revenge on Athens and the Greeks.

12. PERSIAN WARS
In 490 B.C. the Persians landed on the plain of Marathon (26 miles from Athens)
An outnumbered Athenian army decisively defeated the Persians.
Pheidippides runs back to Athens to announce the victory!

13. PERSIAN WARS
Led by King Xerxes, the Persians invade Greece in 480 B.C.
7000 Greeks tried to hold them off at Thermopylae – led by 300 Spartans
After the Greeks lose at Thermopylae, the Persians march to Athens and burn the city.
The Greeks defeat the Persians in a Naval battle at Salamis
The remaining Persian forces are finally defeated at Plataea in 479 B.C.

14. PERSIAN WARS
WHO WON THE PERSIAN WAR?
GREEKS

15. PELOPONNESIAN WAR
In case of Persian Invasion - Athens created alliances with other Greek city-states.
Sparta feared Athens growing power and created alliances of their own.
Led to civil war.

16. PELOPONNESIAN WAR
After 27 years of fighting, the Spartans win the war.
Results of this war:
weakened the Greek city-states
no chance for Greek unity
Because they were so focused on each other, they failed to see Macedonia as a threat

17. ALEXANDER THE GREAT Macedonia emerged as a powerful kingdom.
Philip II - goal was to unite Greece under his rule and invade the Persian Empire.
When Philip II was assassinated, his son Alexander took over at the age of 20.

18. ALEXANDER THE GREAT
In 334 B.C. Alexander left Greece with 37,000 infantry men and 5000 cavalry.
By 332 B.C., he had conquered much of Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.
He built Alexandria as the Greek capital in Egypt

19. ALEXANDER THE GREAT
Alexander defeated Persians at Gaugamela (near Babylon)
He continued to the Indus River (India).
his troops refused to go any further. He returned to Babylon and died there in 323 B.C. (he was only 33)

20. ALEXANDER THE GREAT The effects of Alexander’s Empire:
Made Greece wealthy
Created the largest empire ever at that time
Spread Greek language, architecture, literature and art to SW Asia – Hellenistic Culture
Created many Greek cities within his empire

21. GREEK ACHIEVEMENTS ART SCIENCE MATH PHILOSOPHY Sculpture, Painting
Theater – comedies and drama
Architecture
Literature – poetry, history
SCIENCE
Astronomy – sun centered universe
MATH
geometry
PHILOSOPHY
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Epicureanism
Stoicism

22. GREEK ACHIEVEMENTS OLYMPICS First Olympic games held in 776 B.C.
Ended in 393 A.D. (paganistic)
Modern games began in 1896