1. Matter Mixtures Solutions

2. Matter and Energy

3. The Big Bang

4. Formation of Matter Big Bang Time, Space, Energy – Light Quarks and Gluons (E=MC 2 ) 10 -6 seconds Hadrons – Protons, Neutrons 10 5 years Atoms - Hydrogen, Helium Billions of years – Stars, Heavier Elements, Molecules (Carbon, Oxygen, Water) 10 10 years Substances – Our Sun, Earth, Rocks DNA, Proteins Life – Plants, Animals 13,500,000,000 years - Us

5. Four States of Matter SolidLiquid GasPlasma

6. Solid A solid has a definite shape and volume. Examples of solids include ice (solid water), a bar of steel, and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).

7. Liquid A liquid has a definite volume, but takes the shape of its container. Examples of liquids include water and oil.

8. Gas A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Examples of gases are air, oxygen, and helium.

9. Plasma Plasma has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Plasma often is seen in ionized gases. Plasma is distinct from a gas because it possesses unique properties. Free electrical charges (not bound to atoms or ions) cause plasma to be electrically conductive. Plasma may be formed by heating and ionizing a gas. Stars are made of plasma. Lightning is plasma. You can find plasma inside fluorescent lights and neon signs.

10. Microscopic Properties Different States of Water Solid: Ice Liquid: Water Gas: Water Vapor

11. Mixtures Combination of two or more substances in which the individual substances do not lose their physical or chemical properties. Individual components can be physically separated.

12. Solutions A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these. Homogeneous: of uniform structure or composition throughout

13. Solution Components Solute: Substance dissolved in a given solution Solvent: Substance that dissolves a solute

14. Sodium Chloride (Salt) Crystal Water Molecule

15. Solubility The amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent. Exothermic process: Gives of heat Endothermic process: Requires heat input

16. Solubility As A Function of Temperature

17. Solutions – Separation of Solute from Solvent