1. cdma2000 Air Interface Evolution Overview
Dr. Edward Tiedemann (Qualcomm)
Chair, 3GPP2 TSG-C

2. TSG-C Responsibility
TSG Radio Access (TSG-C) is responsible for the radio access part, including its internal structure, of systems based on 3GPP2 specifications.
This includes:
Air interface (physical layer and signaling)
Over-the-air aspects of: SMS, USSD, and OTASP
Speech codecs
Test specifications
TSG-C has developed 99 specifications, 21 reports, and numerous revisions. 2

3. 3GPP2 Air Interface Evolution
IMT-2000 Technologies: MC-CDMA 2G 3G
2000
2004
2006
2010
HRPD
Rev 0
HRPD
Rev A
HRPD
Rev B
HRPD
Rev C
IS-95-A
9.6 & 14.4 kbps
Circuit & Packet Data
2.4 Mbps FL
153 kbps RL
BCMCS
3.1 Mbps FL
1.8 Mbps RL
BCMCS1
Multi-carrier
N x 4.9 Mbps FL2
N x 1.8 Mbps RL
Smart Networks
FL-MIMO-OFDM
RL-MIMO
64 kbps Packet Data
IS-95-B
N=3  FL: 14.7/9.3 Mbps, RL: 3.1 Mbps
1999
2000
2002
2002
2004
2009
cdma2000
1x Rev 0
cdma2000
1x Rev A
cdma2000
1x Rev B
cdma2000
1x Rev C
cdma2000
1x Rev D
cdma2000
1x Rev E 1x
Rev F
~2x voice capacity
153.6 kbps FL/RL3
307.2 kbps FL/RL3
Enhanced rate adaptation
CCSH4
2.4 Mbps FL packet channel
3.1 Mbps FL
1.8 Mbps RL
packet channel
BCMCS
~3-4x voice capacity increase
Higher data capacity
1: Enhanced OFDM-based BCMCS
2: 4.9 Mbps per FL carrier with 64-QAM, 3.1 Mbps with 16-QAM
3: One supplemental channel
4: CCSH: Code combining soft handoff
HRPD: High Rate Packet Data (EV-DO)
N: Number of Carriers
1x Rev C and Rev D are 1xEV-DV 3

4. Increased Data Capacity with 1x-Adv Where EV-DO is Not Available
1X Advanced: combination of 1x Rev E and EVRC NW 3x
More Data
Data
Capacity
1X Rev E
(1x Advanced)
Up to 3x data capacity increase with 1X Advanced
More Voice
1X Rev 0
Voice Capacity
4x*
* Capacity increase possible with new codec (EVRC-NW), handset interference cancellation, and receive diversity; 3x without receive diversity; over cdma2000 Rev 0 and EVRC service option 3 4

5. 1x Advanced Frees Up Spectrum for Data
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1x Advanced Frees Up Spectrum for Data
April 24, 2017
CDMA2000 Rev 0
1X Advanced EV-DO
Same voice capacity in quarter of the spectrum
Freed-up spectrum can be used for EV-DO data 5
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6. Up to 70% Increase in 1x Coverage
Up to 4x higher capacity with same coverage
as 1X Rev 0
Up to 70% larger coverage area with same capacity
as 1X Rev 0 x x x
1X Advanced
1X Advanced
1X Rev 0
Capacity and coverage tradeoff
Notes: Coverage is defined as the maximum area with less than 1% of the users in outage; Assumptions : 3GPP2 simulation frame work, embedded sector, with all the 1X Advanced new RC, receive diversity, FL and RL Interference cancellation.. Based on Qualcomm simulations. 6

7. Brief Overview of 1X-Advanced Enhancements
EV-DO Rev. C Technology Overview
Brief Overview of 1X-Advanced Enhancements
April 24, 2017
1X-Advanced
New Features
Reduce Required Power
Efficient Source Coding with non critical 1/8 rate packets
EVRC-NW*
Reduces FL Interference
FL IC**
Efficient Voice Signal Transmission
1/8th Rate Blanking*
Reduced Rate Commands on FL & RL
Power Control*
Increases Traffic Demod Performance
Frame Early Termination*
Cancels interference from QOF used to increase code space
Enhanced FL IC**
Reduce intra-cell and inter-cell interference
RL IC**
Increasing Frame Eb/Nt
Mobile Receive Diversity (MRD)**
Increase Voice Capacity
* Part of 3GPP2 1x Rev. E and EVRC-NW (DTX)
** Implementation dependent
QOF: Quasi Orthogonal Functions
IC: Interference cancellation 7
QUALCOMM Proprietary

8. EVRC Family of Speech Codecs
Capacity
EVRC-NW
/7.4 kbps
SO73 C.S0014-D
Combined NB and WB Codec
CS DTX: additional Capacity gain
Quality
Regular Audio BW
Wide Audio BW
EVRC-B
kbps SO68 C.S0014-B
AADR Dynamically Controlled
Up to 40% Capacity gain over EVRC
Quality
Capacity
EVRC-WB 7.4 kbps SO70 C.S0014-C
Superior wideband voice quality
AADR not higher than EVRC
EVRC
8.3 kbps SO3 C.S0014 First codec standard
EVRC SO3 C.S0014-A Interoperable bug fixing
All are variable rate
AADR: Active average data rate
SO: Service Option
NB: Narrowband
WB: Wideband
Regular is the same as narrowband
Bit exact code (C.R0014)
Minimum Performance Specifications (C.S0018)
Electro-Acoustic Recommended MPS (C.S0056, C.R0056) 8

9. EVRC Family of Codecs Mode Structures
Vocoder Hard Handoff via
SO Negotiation
Vocoder Frame Interop via Service Option Control Message Negotiation is Possible
EVRC-WB
(SO70)
EVRC-NW
(SO73)
EVRC
(SO3)
COP0
COP0
Wideband Mode
EVRC-B (SO68)
COP0
COP1
COP1
COP2
COP2
COP4
COP3
COP3
Narrowband Modes
COP4
COP4
COP5
COP5
COP6
COP6
COP7
COP7
COP7
Eighth-Rate Smart Blanking on RC8/RC11
DTX
SO: Service Option
COP: Capacity Operating Point
Higher Capacity Gain (Lower Average Data Rate)
EVRC-B >> EVRC EVRC-B >> EVRC-WB > EVRC
EVRC-B = EVRC-NW (NB Modes) >> EVRC
EVRC-WB = EVRC-NW (WB Mode) with RC3/RC4
EVRC-NW with DTX over RC8/RC11 > EVRC-NW with RC3/RC4 9

10. Better Voice Quality for Similar Capacity
1X Advanced
(EVRC-NW (WB))
Higher Voice Quality for similar capacity
Voice
Quality
1X Advanced
(EVRC-NW (NB))
1X Rev 0
(EVRC) x
3.5x 4x
Voice Capacity 10

11. High-level Features – HRPD
HRPD Revision 0
2.4 Mbps Forward Link
153.6 kbps Reverse Link
Multiple Personalities
RL silence interval and Busy bit
HRPD Revision B
Multi-carrier (up to 20 MHz)
Higher peak rates (64-QAM)
Battery life enhancements
Quick Paging Channel
DTX and DRX
Flexible Duplex Band Support
Increased MAC Indices
Greater H-ARQ granularity
Emergency Call Support
HRPD Revision A
3.1 Mbps Forward Link
1.8 Mbps Reverse Link
QoS for Multiple Flows
VoIP
RL MAC Enhancements
Dynamic Slot Cycle Index
Support for BCMCS
Fast Cell Selection
Reverse link Hybrid ARQ
Generic Attribute Update Protocol 11

12. HRPD-Revision C (DO-Advanced)
Upper layer enhancements
Network Load Balancing
Single-Carrier Multilink
Connection Less data transfer
TDM’d connections
Multi-AT page message
Application-Layer Air-Link Encryption
Emergency Alerts
Femto-cell support
Support for Priority services
Physical layer enhancements
FL MIMO-OFDM
FL OFDMA
Higher RL data rates
RL MIMO
Closed-Loop MTD (AT side only)
Benefits
AN protocol upgrades at for substantial increase in Network Capacity and user experience
Enhanced performance for both existing and new devices
Increase number of simultaneous connections
Improved user experience everywhere in network
Higher Sector Capacity
Higher peak data rates for hot-spots and re-use scenarios 12

13. Smart Networks Exploit Typically Unevenly Loaded Networks
Network loading continuously changes with time and location
Fully loaded sectors are usually surrounded by lightly loaded neighbors
Heavy Load
Medium Load
Light Load 13

14. Single Carrier Multi-Link
Smart Networks Increase Network Capacity and User Experience, Where & When Needed
Can double network capacity and cell-edge data rates
Network Load Balancing
Utilizing unused capacity of lightly loaded neighbors
Smart Carrier Management
Assigning carriers based on accurate load and location
High Load
Low Load
Distributed Network Scheduler
Users preferentially served by carriers that maximize capacity
Single Carrier Multi-Link
Leveraging multicarrier devices in single-carrier networks
Carrier # 2
Carrier# 1
Improvement depends on deployment, demand distribution and implementation. Apart from the above, Adaptive Frequency Reuse (aka Demand Matched Configuration) is also another Smart Network technique. 14

15. DO Advanced Performance Improvement - Example
Sample Cluster with Uneven Load
Improved Performance During Loaded Conditions -1
-0.5
0.5 1
Dist. in km -1
-0.5
0.5 1
1.5
-1.5
Dist. in km
Relative Sector Load: x 2x 15
Note: The performance shown is for users in the central cells (with 2x load) . The increase depends on deployment, demand distribution and implementation

16. DO Advanced Optimizes Performance of Heterogeneous Networks
DO Advanced techniques applied to networks with microcells, picocells, etc.
Network Capacity (DL)
DO Advanced
3.3X
(Macro + Pico)
Pico cell
(2 carrier)
1.7X
Macro +
Pico
Macro
(1 Carrier) X
Macro
Example: Improvement with
DO Advanced Pico cell deployment
Source: Qualcomm simulations. assumes 1 single carrier macro, with 2 double carrier picocells. Pico-cells are randomly placed in the network. The data loading ratio of 4:1 between high-demand and low-demand areas 16

17. Higher Connection -Capacity
Enhanced Connection Management: Improved Connection-Capacity and User Experience
Enhanced
Connection
Management
Higher Connection -Capacity
Better user Experience
Supports more interactive users such as “push-pull” mobile
Efficient use of paging and access channels
Better traffic congestion management
Improved “Always ON” experience
Improved battery life
Better user experience even during congestion 17

18. Coming Up Next: Enhancing M2M via 1x Rev. F
Optimize overhead read
Enhanced network control
(of m2m modules)
Increase control dimensions (R-EACH) +
DoS (with R-EACH)
Fast-Connection Setup
Optimize data transfer (speed, modem power consumption)
Optimize network resource usage
Enhanced Position Location 18

19. Thank You! For more information, please visit http://www.3gpp2.org.
LINKS
About 3GPP2
Partners
Members
Committees
Specifications
Procedures
News/Events
Contact us
How to join
Related Links 19

20. cdma2000® is the trademark for the technical nomenclature for certain specifications and standards of the Organizational Partners (OPs) of 3GPP2. Geographically (and as of the date of publication), cdma2000® is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-USA) in the United States. 20