1. The 20th-Century Civil Rights Movement

2. Defined rights of citizenship for African-Americans Redefined prevailing cultural ideas about civil rights Redefined role of gov’t in enforcing/protecting these rights Provided constitutional model for subsequent rights-seekers

3. W.E.B. DuBois, 1907 Slave resistance Reconstruction-era organizing Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) challenge Nat’l Assoc. of Colored Women, 1896 DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903)

4. Marcus Garvey, 1887-1940 Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915

5. Mary Church Terrell, c. 1900Ida B. Wells, c. 1900

6. Niagara Movement, 1905 NAACP founded 1909 National Urban League, 1911 Univ. Negro Improvement Assoc., 1914 (Garvey) Congress for Racial Equality, (CORE), 1941

7. NAACP test of Plessy v. Ferguson(1896) Litigation strategy rested on individual blacks assuming risks before & after Unanimous decision by Warren Court: “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” Thurgood Marshall, c. 1954

8. Rosa Parks, Dec. 1, 1955 Seamstress Parks chosen as test case by NAACP Parks’ jailing prompted bus boycott, lasted over a year Local minister MLK emerges as leader; estab. of SCLC

9. Greensboro, NC, February 1, 1960 NC students embraced Tactic spread Founding of SNCC

10. Both southern-based Both nonviolent direct action SNCC: student focus SCLC: clergy-led, esp. MLK SCLC: local aimed at national reform SNCC: autonomous local campaigns

11. Martin Luther King, c. 1964Ella Baker, c. 1964

12. Diane Nash, c. 1963 John Lewis, c. 1963 Julian Bond, c. 1963

13. SCLC led voter registration, 1963 Gained presidential attention March on Washington, August 1963 King: “I have a Dream” Died September 15, 1963

14. JFK, June 11, 1963 Banned discrimination in public facilities Outlawed employment & educational discrimination Barred “unequal application” of voting laws, though not qualifications. Employment clause included discrimination based on sex, religion, national origin

15. “Freedom Summer” 1964 Murder of 3 workers Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party “We had played by the rules, done everything we were supposed to do, had played the game exactly as required, had arrived at the doorstep and found the door slammed in our face. “ John Lewis, August 1964 Fannie Lou Hamer, c. 1964

16. “Bloody Sunday,” Selma, AL March, 1965 MLK managing public support SNCC-SCLC collaboration Last racial protest of 1960s with substantial white support

17. May not “deny or abridge” right to vote based on race or color. Significant federal oversight of state voting procedures.

18. “black liberation” proponents challenge reform focus public support declines as fears of violence predominate

19. 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Sociocultural impact over time

20. Nashville sit-ins, 1960