1. The Sporting Fraternity

2. Spectators Thousands of spectators gathered to watch: 1. Foot races 2. Boat races 3. Prizefights/ Boxing Matches

3. 1840s & 1850s  Sports were broken up into sporting fraternity and ballplaying fraternity.  Ballplaying- baseball & cricket. (Made rules of play, appointed officials, scheduled matches etc.)  Sporting fraternity- Scheduled and promoted sporting spectacles. (More interested in gaining money.)

4. John Cox Stevens  Heir to steamboat fortune  Promoted numerous sporting events.  Loved horse racing.  Constructed a large park, known as Elysian Fields.

5. Yachting  Believed to have strengthened the bond between upper-class Americans and British Sportsmen.  Stevens had a yacht, known as America, that was very successful.

6. Footracing Footracing  Also known as pedestrianism.  Stevens offered $1,000 to anyone who could finish 10 miles under 60 minutes in a 1835 race.

7.  20,000 fans showed up for the race.  Henry Stannard, a farmer from Connecticut, finished at 59 minutes and 48 seconds.  Peds ran sprints, hurdles, long distances, against times and even against horses.

8. Racing Competitions  Edward P. Weston walked from Portland Maine, to Chicago in 1867 for $1,000. It took 26 days.  “Go-as-you-please” races- Peds attempted to cover as many miles as they could on an indoor track within a set time. Normally a 6 day period.

9. Prizefighting Tom Molineaux- a slave who won his freedom by defeating a fellow slave. English and Irish boxers were welcomed to American shores.

10. John “Old Smoke” Morrissey Born in Ireland Defeated Yankee Sullivan in 1853 for the unofficial American championship. Served two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives.

11. Meanings of Prizefighting Symbolic contest for supremacy and honor amongst native American, English and Irish individuals. Mocked Victorian values. Thomas McCoy died in an 1842 match.

12. Boxing Domination Late 1800s- Irish 1920s- Jews 1930s- Italians 1940s- African and Latin Americans

13. Athletic Clubs Sprung up in New York, New Orleans and San Francisco. Sparring lessons from former greats, like John L. Sullivan and Mike Donovan, took place.

14. Athletic clubs encouraged: 1. Numbered Rounds 2. Weight divisions 3. Indoor Matches 4. Awards or Money

15. Marquis of Queensberry Rules 1865 Required gloves Limited rounds to three minutes Provided ten second knockouts Prohibited wrestling holds

16. John L. Sullivan Born in Boston to Irish immigrants Suffered from alcoholism and poor health. Sullivan vs. Corbett 1. Held indoors under electric lights 2. Used gloves 3. Sponsored by an athletic club