1. 1 Introduction to VHDL Spring 09

2. 2 What is VHDL? VHDL can be uses to model and synthesise digital systems. VHDL = VHSIC Hardware Description Language –VHSIC = Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Developed in early 1980’s by DOD. Veralog is an older hardware description language. –Some (for example ASIC designers) prefer Veralog. ANSI/IEEE Std 1076-1993 is the version we will use. –ANSI/IEEE Std 1076-2002 is the newest version. VHDL is a very complex language. VHDL descriptions can be synthesized and implemented in programmable logic. –Synthesis tools can accept a only subset of VHDL.

3. 3 VHDL Primarily for modeling digital systems. –Lesser extent analog Reasons for modeling –Specify requirements –Simulation, testing, verification –Synthesis Advantage –Increase reliability –Minimize cost and design time –Increase flexibility and ease with which a system can be modified. –Avoid design errors through use of simulation. Problem –We model our conception of the system. –May not accurately reflect reality.

4. 4 Types The concept of type is important and fundamental when describing data in VHDL. The type of a data object defines the set of values that an object can assume, as well as the set of operations that can be performed on those values. –For example data object of type bit can assume a value of either ‘0’ or ‘1’, and can support operators such as “and”, “or”, “xor”, “nand”, etc. VHDL is a strongly typed language. Scalar data types consists of single, indivisible values. Besides the usual types such as integer and real, VHDL also provides other types such as time and bit. User defined types are frequently employed. We will make extensive use of standard libraries that define special types such as stdlogic. –We will use stdlogic in place of bit. Stdlogic can assume more values that 0 and 1. For example high impedance and don’t care values.

5. 5 VHDL type classification See DG p 47. 10 ns “101110001110001” ‘1’ 125 FALSE ‘A’

6. 6 Operations that can be performed on type integer. See p 35

7. 7 Operations on type Boolean and type Bit. See p44

8. 8 Constants, variables, and signals An object is a named item in a VHDL model that has a value of a specific type. There are four classes of objects: constants, variables, signals, and files. The use of constants and variables in VHDL is similar to what you are already familiar with from other programming languages. The idea of a signal is a new concept required because in VHDL we are modeling electrical (digital) systems. –Signals usually represent voltages on wires. –But you can also use a signal in place of a variable. –Sometimes it may not matter if you use a signal or a variable. –Other times there may be subtle reasons for using one over the other. –Initially you may tend to be confused by the distinction between signals and variables, but this will be made clear later. We will discuss of files if needed. Objects must be declared prior to use.

9. 9 Constants constant CONST_NAME: := ; -- Examples of Declaration of Constants: constant GO: BOOLEAN := TRUE; constant Max: INTEGER := 31; constant HexMax: INTEGER := 16#FF#; -- hex (base 16) integer constant ONE: BIT := '1'; constant S0: BIT_VECTOR (3 downto 0) := "0000"; constant S1: bit_vector(15 downto 0) := X"AB3F“; -- hex string constant HiZ: STD_LOGIC := 'Z'; -- Here Z is high impedance. constant Ready: STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0) := "0-0-"; -- 0’s & don’t cares Note: VHDL is not case sensitive. BOOLEAN, INTEGER, BIT, etc are examples of predefined VHDL types. –VHDL is a strongly typed language. –Cannot for example directly assign a bit or std_logic value to an integer type.

10. 10 Variables VAR_NAME := ; -- example Count := 10; Vbit := '0'; Declaration variable VAR_NAME: ; -- example: variable Test: BOOLEAN; variable Count: INTEGER range 0 to 31 := 15; -- Set initial value to 15. variable vBIT: BIT; variable VAR: BIT_VECTOR (3 downto 0); variable VAR_X: STD_LOGIC := ‘0’; -- Set initial value to ‘0’. variable VAR_Y: STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (0 to 3);

11. 11 Signals SIG_NAME ; -- Examples BitX <= ‘1’; Declaration signal SIG_NAME: ; -- example: signal Flag: BOOLEAN := TRUE; -- TRUE is the initial vlaue signal intX: INTEGER range 0 to 31; signal BitX: BIT := ‘1’; signal Control_Bus: BIT_VECTOR (3 downto 0); signal X: STD_LOGIC; signal Y: STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (0 to 3) := “0000”;

12. 12 Signals Events, Propagation Delay, and Concurrency Signals –Signals of type bit take on values of 0 and 1. –Digital components (gates, flip-flops, etc.) respond to input signals to produce output signals. –A signal change is called an event. –The effect of an event is delayed by the propagation delay through the component. VHDL allows for associating a delay with a signal. Z <= X and Y after 2 ns; –Signals may propagate through several components concurrently. Z <= X and Y after 2 ns; V <= (Z xor not W) nand X after 3 ns; W <= X or Y after 1 ns; –VHDL is an event driven concurrent programming language. Statements may not execute sequentially. This makes VHDL “hard.”

13. 13 VHDL example EX 1 -- EX1 - Signal example entity ex1 is end entity ex1; architecture ex1_arc of ex1 is signal X: BIT; begin -- concurrent signals assignments X <= not X after 10 ns; end architecture ex1_arc;

14. 14 -- EX2 -- Signal example -- File: ex2.vhd -- created: 09/19/01 entity ex2 is end entity ex2; architecture ex_arc of ex2 is signal X: BIT; signal Y: BIT; begin -- concurrent signals assignments X <= not X after 10 ns; Y <= '1' after 15 ns, '0' after 25 ns; end architecture ex_arc;

15. 15 std_logic_1164 multi-value logic system TYPE std_ulogic IS ( 'U', -- Uninitialized 'X', -- Forcing Unknown '0', -- Forcing 0 '1', -- Forcing 1 'Z', -- High Impedance 'W', -- Weak Unknown 'L', -- Weak 0 'H', -- Weak 1 '-' -- Don't care );

16. 16 resolution function – resolves two drives for a single signal. Std_logic has a built in resolution function. CONSTANT resolution_table : stdlogic_table := ( -- --------------------------------------------------------- -- | U X 0 1 Z W L H - | | -- --------------------------------------------------------- ( 'U', 'U', 'U', 'U', 'U', 'U', 'U', 'U', 'U' ), -- | U | ( 'U', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X' ), -- | X | ( 'U', 'X', '0', 'X', '0', '0', '0', '0', 'X' ), -- | 0 | ( 'U', 'X', 'X', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', 'X' ), -- | 1 | ( 'U', 'X', '0', '1', 'Z', 'W', 'L', 'H', 'X' ), -- | Z | ( 'U', 'X', '0', '1', 'W', 'W', 'W', 'W', 'X' ), -- | W | ( 'U', 'X', '0', '1', 'L', 'W', 'L', 'W', 'X' ), -- | L | ( 'U', 'X', '0', '1', 'H', 'W', 'W', 'H', 'X' ), -- | H | ( 'U', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X', 'X' ) -- | - | ); S <= ‘1’; S <= ‘0’; Don’t drive signal from multiple sources! ‘X’ indicates an unknown value. This can be caused by the resolution function as shown below.

17. 17 Why have ‘U’ in std_logic types? Any uninitialized type assumes the left most value of that type. –TYPE std_ulogic IS ( 'U', 'X', '0', '1', 'Z', 'W', 'L', 'H', '-' ); –TYPE BIT is (‘0’, ‘1’); What is the initial value? variable vBIT: BIT; variable VAR_X: STD_LOGIC := ‘0’; signal BitX: BIT := ‘1’; signal X: STD_LOGIC; Signal N: integer;

18. 18 -- EX2 -- Signal example -- File: ex2.vhd -- created: 09/19/01 entity ex2 is end entity ex2; architecture ex_arc of ex2 is signal X: BIT; signal Y: BIT; begin -- concurrent signals assignments X <= not X after 10 ns; Y <= '1' after 15 ns, '0' after 25 ns; end architecture ex_arc; Recall EX2: Lets use std_logic in place of bit.

19. 19 -- EX3 - Signal example -- File: ex3.vhd -- created: 09/19/01 library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all; entity ex3 is end entity ex3; architecture ex_arc of ex3 is signal X: STD_LOGIC; signal Y: STD_LOGIC; begin X <= not X after 10 ns; Y <= '1' after 15 ns, '0' after 25 ns; end architecture ex_arc;

20. 20 What happened? In VHDL uninitialized signals and variables assume the left most value of the type. –STD_LOGIC initializes to “U”. X <= not X after 10 ns; Y <= '1' after 15 ns, '0' after 25 ns; -- truth table for "not" function CONSTANT not_table: stdlogic_1d := -- ------------------------------------------------- -- | U X 0 1 Z W L H - | -- ------------------------------------------------- ( 'U', 'X', '1', '0', 'X', 'X', '1', '0', 'X' );

21. 21 -- EX3 - Signal example -- File: ex2.vhd -- created: 09/19/01 library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all; entity ex3b is end entity ex3b; architecture ex_arc of ex3b is signal X: STD_LOGIC := '1'; -- init X signal Y: STD_LOGIC := '0'; -- init Y begin -- concurrent signals assignments X <= not X after 10 ns; Y <= '1' after 15 ns, '0' after 25 ns; end architecture ex_arc;

22. 22 Another Example LIBRARY IEEE;USE work.ALL; USE IEEE.std_logic_1164.ALL; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL; ENTITY tb is END tb; ARCHITECTURE test OF tb IS constant ALL_ONES: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0) := X"F"; constant Some_Ones: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0) := X"A"; SIGNAL Q : std_logic_vector(3 downto 0) := (others => '0'); --"0000"; signal X : std_logic_vector(3 downto 0); BEGIN Q <= Q(2 downto 0) & not Q(3) after 5 ns; X <= ALL_ONES after 10 ns, Some_Ones after 15 ns, "0000" after 20 ns; END test;

23. 23 And Or gate example library IEEE;use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL; entity ABorC is port (A : in std_logic; B : in std_logic; C : in std_logic; F : out std_logic); end ABorC; architecture arch of ABorC is signal X : std_logic; begin X <= A and B after 1 ns; F <= X or C after 1 ns; end;

24. 24 Test bench for and or example LIBRARY IEEE;USE work.all; USE IEEE.Std_Logic_1164.all; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL; ENTITY tb IS END ENTITY tb; Architecture TEST of tb is SIGNAL X: std_logic_vector (2 downto 0) := "000"; SIGNAL Y: std_logic;begin U1: ENTITY work.ABorC(arch) PORT MAP(A => X(2), B => X(1), C => X(0), F => Y); X <= X + 1 after 10 ns; end test;

25. 25 U1: entity work.or3 port map (A => AB, B => ACin, C => BCin, F => Cout); U2: entity work.and2 port map (A => A, B => B, F => AB); U3: entity work.and2 port map (A => B, B => Cin, F => BCin); U4: entity work.and2 port map (A => A, B => Cin, F => ACin); U5: entity work.xor2 port map (A, B, AxorB); U6: entity work.xor2 port map (Cin, AxorB, S);

26. 26 VHDL design units Configuration Package Package Body Entity –Describes Interface Describes how the circuit appears form the outside. Similar to a schematic symbol. Architecture –Specifies function Describes how the circuit does what it does. –Data Flow or RTL –Behavioral – Defines in terms of its operation over time. –Structural – A collection of components. Initially we will focus on the Entity and Architecture. –Both are always necessary the others are optional. See DG chapter 5

27. 27 library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all; ENTITY and2 is GENERIC(trise : time := 10 ns; tfall : time := 5 ns); PORT(a : IN std_logic; b : IN std_logic; c : OUT std_logic); END and2;

28. 28 ARCHITECTURE behav OF and2 IS BEGIN one : PROCESS (a,b) BEGIN IF (a = '1' AND b = '1') THEN c <= '1' AFTER trise ; ELSIF (a = '0' OR b = '0') THEN c <= '0' AFTER tfall ; ELSE c<= 'X' AFTER ( trise+tfall )/2; END IF; END PROCESS one; END behav;

29. 29 library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all; ENTITY tb IS END tb; ARCHITECTURE test OF tb IS SIGNAL a, b, y, z: std_logic; BEGIN and_y: entity work.and2(behav) GENERIC MAP(tfall => 15 ns) PORT MAP(a, b, y); and_z: entity work.and2(behav) PORT MAP(a, b, z); PROCESS CONSTANT period: time := 40 ns; BEGIN a <= '1'; b <= '0'; WAIT FOR period; a <= '1'; b <= '1'; WAIT FOR period; a <= '0'; b <= '1'; WAIT FOR period; a <= '0'; b <= '0'; WAIT; END PROCESS; END TEST;

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31. 31 Development steps Typical programming language –Compilation –Link and Load –Execute VHDL –Analysis Check design unit for errors –Elaboration Check design hierarchy –Simulation –Synthesis

32. 32 Modeling Interfaces Entity declaration (see Fig 1-7 p 9) –describes the input/output ports of a module entity reg4 is port ( d0, d1, d2, d3, en, clk : in bit; q0, q1, q2, q3 : out bit ); end entity reg4; entity nameport namesport mode (direction) port typereserved words punctuation

33. 33 Modeling Behavior Architecture body –describes an implementation of an entity –may be several per entity Behavioral architecture –describes the algorithm performed by the module –contains process statements, each containing sequential statements, including signal assignment statements and wait statements

34. 34 Behavior Example architecture behav of reg4 is begin storage : process is variable stored_d0, stored_d1, stored_d2, stored_d3 : bit; begin if en = '1' and clk = '1' then stored_d0 := d0; stored_d1 := d1; stored_d2 := d2; stored_d3 := d3; end if; q0 <= stored_d0 after 5 ns; q1 <= stored_d1 after 5 ns; q2 <= stored_d2 after 5 ns; q3 <= stored_d3 after 5 ns; wait on d0, d1, d2, d3, en, clk; end process storage; end architecture behav;

35. 35 Modeling Structure Structural architecture –implements the module as a composition of subsystems –contains signal declarations, for internal interconnections –the entity ports are also treated as signals component instances –instances of previously declared entity/architecture pairs port maps in component instances –connect signals to component ports wait statements

36. 36 Structure Example

37. 37 Structure Example First declare D-latch and and-gate entities and architectures entity d_latch is port ( d, clk : in bit; q : out bit ); end entity d_latch; architecture basic of d_latch is begin latch_behavior : process is begin if clk = ‘1’ then q <= d after 2 ns; end if; wait on clk, d; end process latch_behavior; end architecture basic; entity and2 is port ( a, b : in bit; y : out bit ); end entity and2; architecture basic of and2 is begin and2_behavior : process is begin y <= a and b after 2 ns; wait on a, b; end process and2_behavior; end architecture basic;

38. 38 Structure Example Now use them to implement a register architecture struct of reg4 is signal int_clk : bit; begin bit0 : entity work.d_latch(basic) port map ( d0, int_clk, q0 ); bit1 : entity work.d_latch(basic) port map ( d1, int_clk, q1 ); bit2 : entity work.d_latch(basic) port map ( d2, int_clk, q2 ); bit3 : entity work.d_latch(basic) port map ( d3, int_clk, q3 ); gate : entity work.and2(basic) port map ( en, clk, int_clk ); end architecture struct;

39. 39 VHDL Reserved Words

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