1. APES Test Review Climate, atmosphere, air pollution

2. Composition Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Water Vapor 0-4% Carbon Dioxide <<1% Methane <<<1% Nitrous Oxide <<<1% Ozone <<<1%

3. Structure

4. Weather and Climate Weather= caused by the mvt or transfer of heat – Influences temp, air pres, humidity, precip, avail sunshine, wind velocity Radiation: how earth gets solar energy – Flow of electromagnetic radiation Conduction: – Energy transferred by collisions between energy carrying molecules Convection: – Energy transfer from hotter to colder – Determinant of weather patterns

5. What Influences Climate? Air mass – Equatorial, tropical, polar, artic, etc.. Air pressure – Low pressure: cloudy stormy weather – High pressure: clear skys, cool, dense air, fair weather Albedo – Reflection of solar radiation – Snow has high albedo – Dark soil has low albedo Altitude: every 1,000 ft rise in elevation there is a 3°F drop in temp Angle of sunlight – Areas closest to equator=most sun and high temps Clouds – Not going into types here.. You can on your own Distance to ocean Fronts Heat Land changes Latitude Location Humidity Mountian ranges Pollution Rotaion Wind patterns Human activity

6. ENSO El Nino Stands for El Nino Southern Oscillations Occur late December – Along west coast of pacific Air pressure drops on W coast of S amer and high pressure areas deveolp Normal trade winds reduced - Causing warmer than normal weather in S Amer La Nina Cold temps in the E equatorial Pacific Opp of El Nino Wetter than normal conditions in pac NW Increase in hurricanes Heavier monsoons in india/asia

7. Air Pollution Can be from natural sources= volcanoes Unnatural= cars Stationary sources= smoke stacks Examples) particulate matter (soot), sulfur dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, carbon monoxide Secondary pollutants= from primary pollutants reacting w/ atmosphere to form a new pollutant- Sulfur trioxide

8. Major Air Pollutants Nitrogen Oxide- from burning fuels at high temps, forest fires, volcanoes, bacteria in soil – Forms nitric acid, contributes to acid rain Ozone= O3= major component of photchemical smog, formed by sunlight reacting w/ NOx and VOCs in the air Sulfur Dioxide- from oil and coal burning, smelting metals… combines w/ water vapor to produce acid rain, reduces plant productivity Also know VOCs and particulate matter

9. Indoor Air Pollution Strategies to improve indoor air pollution – Tax incentives or fines and penalties – Legislative standards for energy effic – More funding for research for renewable energy – Trade polices – Solar cookstoves in dev countries – Phase out gas engines – Building codes – Incentives for mass transit

10. Different indoor air pollutants

11. Know the different types Study the poems Radon Asbestos Lead smoke

12. Indoor air pollution Sick building syndrome Many people experiencing same illness Tied to same location Health Children, elderly, people with respiratory issues

13. Kyoto Protocol 1997 Reduce green house emissions by 7% compared to 1990 levels Face penalties if not met Agreement between 150 nations

14. Laws Air pollution control act 1955- – 1 st legilslastion – Initiated research, really just made people aware of problem Clean Air Act- 1963 – Reducing air pollution by setting emissions standards for power plants, steel mills

15. Laws Montreal Protocol- 1989 – Agreement among nations to phase out chemicals that damage ozone layer- CFCs

16. OZONE UV Radiation – UVA: 320-400 nm wvlght, blue light, a lot hits earth – UVB: 290-320 nm causes sun burns and skin cancer – UVC: 10-290nm only in stratophere responsible for formation of ozone

17. Ozone depletion CFCs – Air conditioner leaks – Aerosol propellants – Electrical part cleaning solvents

18. Effects of Depletion Increase – skin cancer – Sunburns, skin damage – Cataract of eye Reduced crop prod Reduction in food web production Increase in mutations Climate change Cooling of stratophere

19. Reduce OZONE Alternatives to CFCs= HCFCs not perfect Alternatives to halons- areosol in fire extinguishers Using alternatives as coolants

20. Global warming Know the green house effect Methods to reduce it – Carbon sequestration Green house gases – CO2 – CCl4 – CFC – Halons – HCFCs – HFCs – CH4 – Nitrous oxide – Sulfur hexafluoride

21. Effects of global warming Acidification- decrease in pH in oceans, effects coral reefs Change in weather patterns, increase in extreme weather events Rise in ocean level- displace people, property loss Forest fires Health effects Increase in disease Melt of permfrost and release of methane