1. THE STUDENT WILL EXPLAIN SPECIFIC EVENTS AND KEY IDEAS THAT BROUGHT ABOUT THE ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION. SSUSH 5

2. a. Explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shays’ Rebellion led to a call for a stronger central government. EQ What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? How did Shays' Rebellion influence the Philadelphia Convention? LT The student will be able to explain how Shay’s Rebellion led to a stronger central government.

3. Articles-Constitution The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, on November 15, 1777. However, ratification of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March 1, 1781. The members of the Constitutional Convention signed the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Constitutional Convention convened in response to dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation and the need for a strong centralized government.

4. Articles of Confederation Adopted by the Second Continental Congress after Declaring their Independence from England. It was America’s first Constitution. Established a firm league of friendship between the states. Each state had one vote

5. Problems under the Articles. No chief executive No federal courts Congress could not raise an army It took all 13 states to ratify an amendment Could not tax the states Every state had 1 vote regardless of size/population

6. · How did Shays' Rebellion influence the Philadelphia Convention? · What were the underlying differences in views between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists? · Who were the leaders of the Constitutional Convention and how did they impact the debates?

7. Shay’s Rebellion Daniel Shay was a vet who lost his farm due to high taxes. He led a group of farmers on protest, disrupting court proceedings and other official government businesses. The rebellion made wealthy landowners call for a stronger government to protect their land.

8. Shays’ Rebellion, Daniel Shays led more than a thousand farmers Farmers were burdened with debts Most economic problems stemmed from the states’ Revolutionary War debts. Shays and his men tried to seize a federal arsenal in Massachusetts America’s weak government could not repair the national economy, because of lack of power to tax

9. Shays’ Rebellion Response to Shays’ Rebellion George Washington supported the establishment of a stronger central government. There he was elected president of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia He and the Founding Fathers created a federalist form of government for the United States. The Founding Fathers feared mob rule, so they called for a stronger government that could raise an army and enforce laws.

10. b. Evaluate the major arguments of the anti- Federalists and Federalists during the debate on ratification of the Constitution as put forth in The Federalist Papers concerning form of government, factions, checks and balances, and the power of the executive, including the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. 3EQ: What were the underlying differences in views between the Federalists and Anti- Federalists? 4 Who were the leaders of the Constitutional Convention and how did they impact the debates? Learning Target. The student will be able to describe the main arguments for and against the Constitution and who played a key role.

11. Creating the Constitution Virginia Plan Bicameral States population determined the number of representatives they had. Chief executive Federal judiciary Power to veto state laws.

12. Creating the Constitution New Jersey Plan Unicameral Maintained the Articles of Confederation Each state had an equal number of representatives Congress could tax and regulate trade. Established the laws of the U.S. as supreme over state laws.

13. Creating the Constitution The Connecticut Plan = The Great Compromise Bicameral= 1 house states population determined the number of representatives they had, and the other house would have an equal number of representatives. 3/5 compromise= slaves counted 3/5 of a person. (population and taxation) Promised not to stop the slave trade for 20 years.

14. Key Features of the Constitution Limited government= no government is all powerful. Checks and balances= gives each branch of government a way to limit the powers of the other two branches. Separation of powers=giving each branch of government a different power. (executive=enforces laws, legislative=makes laws, Judicial=interprets laws) Popular sovereignty=rule by the people Federalism=dividing power between the national and state governments. Great Compromise= 3/5 Compromise

15. Key Features of the Constitution Power of the executive=President First country to have an executive His job is to enforce the laws that congress makes. Example= he can lead the army, but he can not declare war.

16. Antifederalist Opposed ratifying the Constitution Opposed the Constitution because they feared the states would lose their independence Said the Constitution did not protect basic rights John Hancock, Patrick Henry

17. Federalist After Shay’s Rebellion, they wanted a government that could raise an army and regulate currency. Mostly wealthy merchants, bankers, and farmers that sent their crops across state lines. Alexander Hamilton James Madison

18. The Federalist Collection of 85 essays Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay (Publius) It explained the New Constitution and told why we needed it.

19. d. Analyze how the Bill of Rights serves as a protector of individual and states’ rights. EQ 5 What are the Bill of Rights? 6 How do they serve as a protector of individual and state rights. Learning target The student will be able to describe how the Bill of Rights protects our natural rights.

20. Bill of Rights Federalist thought the Constitution protected citizen’s rights well enough without a BOR. Anti-federalist wanted a BOR to ensure their rights. The federalist eventually agreed to add the BOR so that the anti-federalist would approve the Constitution.

21. Bill of Rights The first ten amendments 1-8 states the basic rights that all citizens are guaranteed ( religion, press. Speech, bear arms, unreasonable searches, petition) 9=states that people have other rights not mentioned. 10=guarantees the states rights that are not specifically given to the federal government or denied to the states.

22. George Washington First U.S. President Whiskey Rebellion= congress placed a tax on corn whiskey, and the farmers that were making the whiskey started a rebellion. Washington demonstrated that the President would lead an army against all enemies whether foreign or domestic.

23. George Washington Only served 2 terms Hired a cabinet to advise him Set up departments (Dept. of war Dept. of State, Dept. of Treasury) Believed America should not form alliances with foreign countries. Warned against political parties in his farewell address.

24. John Adams 1st U.S. Vice-President Became second president of U.S. Beat Jefferson in the 1796 election for president. He was also a federalist. Lost to Jefferson in the 1800 election

25. Alexander Hamilton Federalist First secretary of treasury His party wanted to create a stronger national government.

26. Thomas Jefferson 1 st secretary of State “common man” Favored a limited role by the government. Anti-Federalist=Republicans=Democratic- Republicans Wanted the government to abide by a strict interpretation of the Constitution

27. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison Anti-federalists judicial branch Articles of Confederation legislative branch Baron Charles de Montesquieu, New Jersey Plan Bill of Rights, reserved powers checks and balances, Roger Sherman Constitutional Convention, separation of powers executive branch, Shay's Rebellion Federalists, Virginia Plan, Veto Great Compromise, Three-Fifths Compromise

28. Reading guide P. 49 1 P. 50 2 3 P. 52 1 2 p 53 A 1-5 1-7 P. 54 1-5 P 7 1-6

29. Reading Guide Answers P 49 1. many feared the country was falling into chaos p50 2 By creating a 2 house legislature where 1 house had equal representation and the other was based on population. 3 So that no one branch could become too powerful. P. 52 1 It did not guarantee people’s rights. 2 It guarantees basic civil liberties such as freedom of religion and speech, and grants the states governments powers not expressly given to the federal government.

30. Reading Guide Answers P 53 1. Federalist 2. Anti-federalist 3. North West Ordinance 4. Bill of Rights 5. Judicial P 53 1. C 2. A 3. G 4. E 5. I 6. D 7. F

31. Reading Guide Answers P 54 1. How states will be represented, how to divide power, what to do with the land past the Appalachian Mountains. 2. (see problems under the articles) 3. Between state and federal governments. In the federal government power was divided between 3 branches. 4 federalist were for it and the anti federalist were against it. 5 See Bill of rights

32. Reading Guide Answers P 7 1 A protest against taxes that showed the leaders of our country that the current government was not working. 2 large states wanted representation to be baseed on population and the small states wanted representation to be equal. 3. By creating a 2 house legislature where 1 house had equal representation and the other was based on population 4 South wanted slaves counted, North did not. 3/5 Compromise settled this debate. 5 Legislative=makes laws Executive =carries out Judicial = interprets 6. They did not trust the public to directly elect the President Each state received the same number of electors as they had representatives in the House.

33. What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? How did Shays' Rebellion influence the Philadelphia Convention? What were the underlying differences in views between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists? Who were the leaders of the Constitutional Convention and how did they impact the debates? How is the Constitution organized? What debate did the Great Compromise settle? How were the debates of separation of powers, limited government, and slavery resolved? What is the Bill of Rights? How did the certain precedents set by Washington and Adams influence the executive branch? How did the Northwest Ordinance impact migration, slavery, public education, and newly added states? How did the Louisiana Purchase impact the nation? What were the results of the War of 1812? What was the impact of the growth of cities and the development of transportation and infrastructure? What was the Monroe Doctrine?