1. Biological Classification

2. Why Classify? So we can know: How many species are there? What are the characteristics of these species? What are the relationships between the species?

3. Biological Classification Biological classification: the arrangement of organisms into groups based on shared characterisitics Organisms are grouped according to similar characteristics and relationships to one another

4. Levels of Classification 8 Taxa (plural) —Taxon: A category of organisms Hierarchical system

5. Levels of Classification 1. Domains: three broad groups (Archae domain, Bacteria domain, Eukarya domain) Created by C.R. Woese in 1990 Based on molecular biology

6. Levels of Classification 2. Kingdom- Taxon of similar phylums 3. Phylum- Taxon of similar classes 4. Class- Taxon of similar orders

7. Levels (cont.) 5. Order- Taxon of similar families 6. Family- Taxon of similar genera 7. Genus- Taxon of similar species 8. Species (smallest, most specific)

8. Levels, cont. King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup

11. Taxonomy The science of grouping and naming organisms based on their different characteristics

12. History of Taxonomy Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) Aristotle’s Classification PlantAnimal AirWaterLandShrubs Trees Herbs

14. Classification Problems with Aristotle’s: Frog- Half of life is in water (tadpole), half is on land Didn’t know about bacteria or one celled organisms (no microscopes)

15. Classification Carolus Linnaeus Swedish physician and botanist Lived in 1700’s Classified according to shared characteristics

17. Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 1859 Evolutionary changes form a line of descent from a common ancestor

18. A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

19. Naming Names Binomial nomenclature: a two-part naming system developed by Linnaeus Organisms are given two names: Genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase)

20. Naming Names The scientific name is always underlined or written in italics Scientific names are always the same (Felis concolor): Allows the scientific names to be used universally

21. FYI: Naming Names Common names are too confusing (puma, cougar, mountain lion) because they can be based on regions or languages

22. Before Linnaeus: What is an apis pubescens thorace subgriseo abdomine fusco pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatus?

23. After Linnaeus: Apis mellifera Honey Producing Bee

24. Enhydra lutris

25. Arctos horribilis Bear awful

26. Dichotomous Keys Aid in identifying unknown organisms Pairs of statements with two choices of characteristics Only one choice will apply to the unknown organism This will lead to another pair of characteristics.. And so on…

28. Until the organism is identified

29. Kingdoms Most broad and largest level of classification

30. Five Kingdoms vs. Six Previously, there was a 5 kingdom system instead of our current 6 kingdom

31. 5 Kingdom System 1.Monera 2.Protista 3.Fungi 4.Plantae 5.Animalia

32. 6 Kingdom System 1.Archaebacteria 2.Eubacteria 3.Protista 4.Fungi 5.Plantae 6.Animalia

33. 5 vs. 6 Kingdoms Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia MoneraArchaebacteria & Eubacteria 5 Kingdoms6 Kingdoms

34. Archaebacteria Cell type: Prokaryote Number of cells: Unicellular Nutrition: Autotroph Habitat: Extreme (usually oxygen free) Other info: genetic makeup is similar to eukaryotes

35. Eubacteria Cell type: Prokaryote Number of cells: Unicellular Nutrition: Autotroph & Heterotroph Habitat: Most environments Other info: these contain helpful and harmful bacteria

37. Protista Cell type: Eukaryote Number of cells: Unicellular & Multicellular Nutrition: Autotroph & Heterotroph Habitat: Moist environments Other info: can be animal-like, plant- like, and fungi-like

38. Fungi Cell type: Eukaryote Number of cells: Unicellular & Multicellular Nutrition: Heterotroph Habitat: Moist environments Other info: they absorb nutrients from their environments

39. Plantae Cell type: Eukaryote Number of cells: Multicellular Nutrition: Autotroph Habitat: Most environments Other info: they don’t fossilize as often as organisms with harder structures (bones, etc.)

40. Animalia Cell type: Eukaryote Number of cells: Multicellular Nutrition: Heterotrophs Habitat: All environments Other info: have certain organ systems that plants do not have like the muscular, skeletal, and nervous system