1. Classification The grouping of organisms based on characteristics
Taxonomy – The scientific naming and classifying of organisms

2. Classification Why do we use classification systems? Elk
To make organisms easier to study and understand
Elk
Here in the U.S.
Norway

3. Classification
Old way to classify is the polynomial system (until the mid-1700’s)
They grouped plants and animals into genera (genus) and then put descriptive words on the front
Latin descriptive words
Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabis, untrinque margine ciliatus

4. Linnaeus system of classification
Carl Linnaeus –
Swedish Biologist
lived from
Father of taxonomy
Developed the hierarchical system of classification and binomial nomenclature

5. Linnaeus classification
It is Universal!!! (Latin)
Each level of classification is based on characteristics shared by each member of the group
Each level becomes more specific
Ex. The domain is less specific than the kingdom

6. Hierarchical structure
First name
Last name
Address
Street
City
State
Zip code
Country

7. Three Domains – archaea, bacteria, eukaria

8. Classification of the European Honeybee
Domain – Eukarya
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Arthropoda
Class – Insecta
Order – Hymenoptera
Family – Apidae
Genus – Apis
Species - mellifera

9. To remember…. Did King Phillip Come Over From Great Spain
Do Kindly Pay Cash Or Furnish Good Security

10. Binomial nomenclature
Binomial (from bi, meaning two) Nomenclature (meaning names)
The two part name of an organism is the scientific name
Ex. Mountain lion (Puma concolor)
The first letter of the genus is always capitalized and the first letter of the species is always lowercase
It is always italicized if typed underlined if hand written

11. Hierarchical structure
First name
Last name
Address
Street
City
State
Zip code
Country

12. Classification of the European Honeybee
Domain – Eukarya
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Arthropoda
Class – Insecta
Order – Hymenoptera
Family – Apidae
Genus – Apis
Species - mellifera
Scientific name: Apis mellifera

13. Classification based on evolutionary history
Phylogeny – evolutionary history
Classification should be based on phylogeny

14. How to read an evolutionary tree
Time moves upward
Nodes represents common ancestor

15. How to read an evolutionary tree
Did C evolve from B? No
Can we say from this tree that C and B’s ansestor was more recient than D, E, and F’s common ancestor?
No, we cannot from this tree since it doesn’t give us dates or stat that branch length is proportional to time.

16. How to read an evolutionary tree
In-group is the group that is being analyzed
Out-group is closely related to the in-group but not in the clade

17. What would you use to make an evolutionary tree
What would you use to make an evolutionary tree? (to infer evolutionary relationships)
Genetic data
Morphology
Fossil evidence
Ecological niche

18. What we use to construct an evolutionary tree
Ancestral characteristics
Evolved from a common ancestor of both groups (old trait)
Derived characteristics
An ancestor of one group but not the other (new trait)

19. Be carful for convergent evolution
Homology - characters are similar because of shared ancestory
Analogy – characters are similar because of convergent evolution
Ex. Wings in a bat, insect, and bird – wings were not in a common ancestor. This is called an analogous structure.

20. Convergent evolution

21. How has phylogenetics affected old groups
Clade – taxonomic group comprising of one common ancestor
Sometimes we find that we have grouped things together that are not in the same clade.

22. Reptiles are an example of a paraphyletic group – because they are missing birds
Mammals are an example of a polyphyletic group – because they include birds and they shouldn’t

23. Example of a Polyphyletic group