1. The End of WW1 In 1918, it was obvious that the Allies were going to win In 1918, it was obvious that the Allies were going to win Addition of the USA Addition of the USA Better fighting tactics Better fighting tactics

2. The German government asked U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to arrange a general armistice in October 1918 The German government asked U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to arrange a general armistice in October 1918 Wilson proposed 14 points for this peace to be effective. Wilson proposed 14 points for this peace to be effective. Germany accepted the 14 points as the basis for a just peace. Germany accepted the 14 points as the basis for a just peace. War ended on Nov. 11, 1918 at 11PM War ended on Nov. 11, 1918 at 11PM

3. Wilson’s Plan for Peace President Wilson’s goals for peace after World War I, known as the Fourteen Points, included the following.Fourteen Points · an end to secret agreements among nations · formation of a League of Nations in order to protect the independence of all nations and settle international disputesLeague of Nations · freedom of the seas, free trade, and a limit on arms · allow national groups self-determinationself-determination

4. Why did Wilson’s 14 points fail? The Allies were angry…. The Allies were angry…. They had lost a lot of soldiers in the war. They had lost a lot of soldiers in the war. They had lost a lot of soldiers in the war. They had lost a lot of soldiers in the war.

5. Why were the Allied Powers angry? Russia: Russia: 12,000,000 enlisted in the army 12,000,000 enlisted in the army 9,150,000 killed, injured, missing 9,150,000 killed, injured, missing 76.3% of the total mobilized soldiers 76.3% of the total mobilized soldiers

6. Casualties France France 8,410,000 mobilized 8,410,000 mobilized 6,160,800 casualties 6,160,800 casualties 73.2% of total mobilized soldiers 73.2% of total mobilized soldiers Britain Britain 8,904,467 mobilized 8,904,467 mobilized 3,190,235 casualties 3,190,235 casualties 35.8% of total mobilized soldiers 35.8% of total mobilized soldiers

7. Casualties US US 4,335,000 mobilized soldiers 4,335,000 mobilized soldiers 364,800 casualties 364,800 casualties 8.2% of total mobilized soldiers 8.2% of total mobilized soldiers

9. Destruction The war also caused a lot to damage, especially on the Western Front in France The war also caused a lot to damage, especially on the Western Front in France Wounded Soldiers Wounded Soldiers Wounded Soldiers Wounded Soldiers

11. After: Verdun: Cloister of the Hotel de la Princerie

12. After: Village of Esnes

13. After: Palace of Justice, Senlis

14. The Treaty of Versailles The peace treaty signed at the end of World War I by the Allied Powers and by Germany in the Palace of Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919; The peace treaty signed at the end of World War I by the Allied Powers and by Germany in the Palace of Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919;

15. The Big Four Woodrow Wilson USA David Lloyd-George Great Britain Georges Clemenceau France Vittorio Orlando Italy

16. The Big Four at Versailles in 1919

17. The drafting of the document The treaty was drafted during the Paris Peace Conference in the spring of 1919, which was dominated by the national leaders known as the “Big Four,” David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Woodrow Wilson of the United States, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy. The treaty was drafted during the Paris Peace Conference in the spring of 1919, which was dominated by the national leaders known as the “Big Four,” David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Woodrow Wilson of the United States, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy.

18. WHY WAS ITALY THERE??? WHY WAS ITALY THERE???

19. Who had the most influence? The Britain, France, and US The Britain, France, and US None of the defeated nations had any say in shaping the treaty, and even the associated Allied powers played only a minor role. None of the defeated nations had any say in shaping the treaty, and even the associated Allied powers played only a minor role.

20. Palace of Versailles

22. What did the treaty mandate? Germany had to minimize their military Germany had to minimize their military Germany had to make reparations (give money) to the Allied countries Germany had to make reparations (give money) to the Allied countries Germany had to give back land that they had gained in the war Germany had to give back land that they had gained in the war

24. What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? To do with Germany’s armed forces : The German army was to be reduced to 100,000 men. It was not allowed to have tanks. Germany was not allowed an airforce The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarised The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhine for fifteen years The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle- ships

25. 100,000 De-militarised The Military Clauses

27. Territorial Losses Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies Alsace-Lorraine was given to France

28. Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium North-Schleswig was given to Denmark

29. Posen was given to Poland so that she would have access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany.

30. The Rhineland was to be de-militarized

31. The Saar coalfields were given to France for fifteen years The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the League of Nations

32. Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria

34. "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." Article 231 The War Guilt Clause GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR

35. German Reaction Germans were SHOCKED-- they had no say in the treaty, and did not have the ability to question or bargain the terms Germans were SHOCKED-- they had no say in the treaty, and did not have the ability to question or bargain the terms War Guilt Clause: The “war guilt clause” of the treaty deemed Germany the aggressor in the war and made Germany responsible for making reparations to the Allied nations in payment for the losses and damage they had sustained in the war. War Guilt Clause: The “war guilt clause” of the treaty deemed Germany the aggressor in the war and made Germany responsible for making reparations to the Allied nations in payment for the losses and damage they had sustained in the war. $33,000,000,000 in 1921

36. German Reaction The Treaty of Versailles was criticized by the Germans, who complained that it had been “dictated” to them. The Treaty of Versailles was criticized by the Germans, who complained that it had been “dictated” to them. It violated the spirit of the Fourteen Points, and demanded intolerable sacrifices that would wreck their economy. It violated the spirit of the Fourteen Points, and demanded intolerable sacrifices that would wreck their economy.

37. How did Germans React to the Treaty? Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a dictated peace. They had not been invited to the peace conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was presented to them they were threatened with war if they did not sign it. The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been promised it would. Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe. Many Germans believed the German economy would be crippled by having to pay reparations.

38. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919. It officially ended the 1st World War. Many historians believe that it was a major cause of the 2nd World War. Most Germans were horrified by the harshness of the Treaty. There was anger amongst all groups in Germany, no matter what their political beliefs. Some German newspapers called for revenge for the humiliation of Versailles. However anger was also directed against the government in Germany. Already there was a myth growing in the country that the German army had been “stabbed in the back” by politicians…the so called “November Criminals”. Now these same politicians had signed the “Diktat”, the dictated peace. The new democracy in Germany was now closely linked with the humiliation of Versailles.

40. Changes…. After it was ratified, the Treaty of Versailles was revised and altered, mostly in Germany's favor. After it was ratified, the Treaty of Versailles was revised and altered, mostly in Germany's favor. Numerous concessions were made to Germany before the rise of Adolf Hitler, and by 1938 only the territorial settlement articles remained. Numerous concessions were made to Germany before the rise of Adolf Hitler, and by 1938 only the territorial settlement articles remained.

41. Main Accomplishment of the Treaty: It caused World War Two! It caused World War Two!

42. Take 5 minutes… Please write a few ideas about how World War One and ESPECIALLY the treaty of Versailles could have contributed to the outbreak of a new war. Please write a few ideas about how World War One and ESPECIALLY the treaty of Versailles could have contributed to the outbreak of a new war.