1. Chapter 13 The Cold War Begins Lesson 1 : The Origins of the Cold War

2. Two Super Powers Roosevelt and later Eisenhower and the United States  Capitalistic Democracy  Nuclear Weapons  Pushing For Peace  Against Communism  Economic Growth through free trade = Peace Stalin and the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR) (Soviets)  Communism  Government owns all business and runs all business  Nuclear Weapons  Pushing for Reparations and Communistic Europe  Against Capitalist  Keep Poland under Soviet Control

3. Cold War Map 1947-1955

4. Creating the United Nations (UN) As WWII was coming to an end the Allied powers set up a peacekeeping organization to prevent future wars. 1944-Delegates from 50 countries Security Council (made of 11 of the 50 countries) 5 permanent nations will hold vetoing power (of the 11) UN Response to WWII  Genocide is a punishable offence  UN Human Rights Treaty 1945 chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt  Inherent dignity to every human being

5. The Yalta Conference February 1945 in Europe  US, GB, USSR at Yalta Back when Germany took Poland during WWII the Polish Government fled to Great Britain, the remaining country set up a new Communist Government.  Splitting Poland when it was regained at the end of the war.  Split Politics Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agreed to view the Polish government set up by the Soviets  Declaration of Liberated Europe  Peace in Poland

6. Dividing Germany Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agreed to divide Germany into four zones  US, GB, France, USSR each rule ¼ Berlin, the Capital city of Germany was split by the four as well Stalin was determined that Germany pay reparations caused by WWII to USSR  US and GB attempted to convince USSR that Germany could pay reparations with trade goods and product  The Allies would remove industrial machinery as reparations USSR was not happy with this

7. Dividing Germany

8. Rising Tensions Following the Yalta Conference USSR pressured the King of Romania to set up a Communist Party US accused the USSR of violating the Declaration of Liberty 1946-1990  Confrontation and Competition between US and USSR  Communism vs. Capitalism

9. Truman Takes Control No Appeasement for the Soviets! Potsdam Conference 1945 (near Berlin, Germany) Truman wants to restore Europe  Industry is critical to the economy  If economy doesn’t recover the Germans might turn to Communism Stalin wants repayment from Germany  Soviet troops begin to take German industrial machines from their section of divided Germany and Berlin Truman threated use of the US atomic bomb if he did not agree  Stalin agreed to leaving some of Germany’s machines if US, GB and France gave the Soviets from their areas

10. Iron Curtain Communism spread through Eastern Europe Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia  Satellite nations Capitalistic Western Europe Iron Curtain Speech  Fulton, MO by Winston Churchill

11. Chapter 13 The Cold War Begins Lesson 2: The Early Cold War Years

12. Containing Communism American Embassy leader in Russia, George Kenann reported back to the US about the Russian/communistic disposition.  Kenann proposed that throughout the Cold War the Allies should contain Russia because the Russian system had major economic and political weakness.  If the US could keep the Soviet Union from expanding their power it would only be a matter of time before their system would fall apart  Beating Communism without War

13. Crisis in Iran 1946 Spring and Summer Soviets kept soldiers in Iran after WWI  Americans had pulled their soldiers  Soviets wanted Iran’s oil  Soviets wanted a communist government US pressured the Soviets to stand down and return to Russia with the use of the USS Missouri in the East Mediterranean Sea  The Soviets stood down.  Containment worked.

14. The Truman Doctrine August 1946 Frustrated in Iran, Stalin turned to Turkey  Soviets wanted a vital port from the Black Sea (in Turkey) that lead to the Mediterranean Sea  This appeared to the US as a ploy for the Soviets to control the Middle East  The USS Missouri and new aircraft, the FDR was called upon to show force against the Russians (more threats) Meanwhile GB was attempting to help Greece who was at civil war over Communism  Communist Greece posing guerilla warfare against Capitalistic Greece  GB Could no longer support the economic side of battle and asked the US for help Truman Doctrine- aid those who worked to resist being controlled by others. Pledged the US to fight the spread of Communism world wide.

15. The Marshall Plan June 1947 European Recovery Plan  Billions of dollars in supplies, machinery, and food into Western Europe  The region's recovery weakened the appeal of communism and opened new markets for trade.  Essential for containment  Truman proposed assistance for underdeveloped countries outside the war zone Four Point Plan would aid these countries with scientific advances and industrial progress

16. The Berlin Airlift 1948 GERMANY SPLIT! W and E Germany After Germany had been divided by the Allies after WWII France, Great Britain and the US chose to merge their sides of Germany to help the economy recover.  This became known as West Germany or the Federal Republic of Germany  Soviets began to blockade and Western Europe was out of supplies  Truman airlifted supplies to support Germany instead of sending Troops to avoid war  The Blockade was lifted a year later  This was a symbol that America was containing communism

17. NATO April 1949 Berlin Blockade convinced Americans that the Soviets were bent on conquest Mutual defense alliance including 12 countries  US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Iceland  NATO members agreed to come to the aid of any member who was attacked.  For the fist time Americans had committed to maintaining peace in Europe  Six years later West Berlin joined NATO

18. In 1983, NATO claimed to have within Western Europe: 1,986,000 ground force troops 90 divisions 20,722 main battle tanks 2,080 anti-tank guided weapon launchers 182 submarines 385 anti-submarine submarines 314 capital ships (carriers, cruisers etc) 821 Other naval craft 4,338 fighter aircraft 6869 anti-aircraft guns and surface to air missiles. THE WARSAW PACT-USSRs version of NATO

21. US Allies with Japan over China…wait…why?! Prior to WWII China was at a civil war  Communist forces lead by Mao Zedong  Nationalists forces lead by Chiang Kai-shek  which was postponed to work against Japan Mid 1940s America sent money to support the Nationalists to try to keep the communistic tendencies low  By 1949 American aid stopped when Chinese Nationalists were defeated and fled to modern day Taiwan Now that China had fallen to Communism the US allied with Japan to continue its industrial economy

22. Rise of the Korean War

23. The Korean War At the end of WWI American and Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm the Japanese at the 38 th Parallel of Latitude  Soviet Troops controlled the North  American Troops controlled the South  At the start of the Cold war there was talks to reuniting Korea  Both N Communist and S Capitalist governments claimed Korea  Border clashes were common June 25, 1950 N Korean Troops invaded the South  Truman ordered naval and air power into action to CONTAIN communistic expansion  UN Troops and General MacArthur from the Philippines sent to Korea and pushed back the Northern invasion

24. Inchon Landing, Korea September 15, 1950 MacArthur ordered a daring invasion against the North Koreans.  This took the N Koreans by surprise  Within weeks they were back across the 38 th Parallel  Truman ordered MacArthur to continue north to the Chinese border CHINA ENTERS THE WAR  Communist China pushes Allies and Macarthur back to the 38 th Parallel  Angry MacArthur wants to use stronger force and go to war with China TRUMAN FIRES MACARTHUR  Truman does not war, he wants containment

26. Armistice Ends Fighting By Mid 1950 UN Forces pushed China and N Korea back north of the 38 th Parallel  The war settled into small battles over local objectives 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower takes presidency  Eisenhower hints that Atomic Bombs are headed to Korea if the war does not come to a close A Demilitarized zone (DMZ) separated North and South Korea  There has never been a peace treaty to end the war  More than 33,600 American Soldiers died in action  20,600 died from disease The Korean War was a Turning Point in the Cold War  1954 America signs a defense agreement with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, The Philippines and Australia forming the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)  US turns from Economic Aid to Military Aid

27. Chapter 13 The Cold War Begins Lesson 3: The Cold War and American Society

28. A New Red Scare 1945 Rumors of a Communistic takeover! Igor Gouzenko defected from the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, Canada Had documents stating the soviets were seeking info on atomic bomb Americans understood this as a threat that SPIES had infiltrated the American government Subversion- effort to weaken a society and overthrow its government

29. Truman Loyalty Review Program 1947 A screen for all federal employees Screened employed for a loyalty to the US The FBI scrutinized 14,000+ ppl and 212 were fired because they were suspicious No real evidence

30. HUAC and Anti-Communist Investigations House Un-American Committee- formed in 1938 FBI Director: J Edgar Hoover pushed for public hearings on Communist subversion to expose not just Communists but also “Communist sympathizers” and “fellow travelers”  Wiretapped thousands of telephones suspected of subversion Communists suspected in Hollywood  Celebrities, Actors, Artists, Journalists blacklisted as Communists  Distrust and fear Some were jailed, others were given death sentences

31. The Red Scare Spreads State and local governments, universities, businesses, unisons, churches and private groups also began efforts to find communists The University of California required its faculty to take loyalty oaths and fired 157 who refused The Taft Hartly Act of 1947-required union leaders to take oaths saying that they were not Communists. Many union leaders did not object. Instead, they wanted to purge their unions, eventually expelling 11 unions that refused to remove Communist leaders

32. McCarthyism 1949-1953  When the Red Scare intensified as the Soviet Union successfully tested an atomic bomb and China fell to Communism  Americans thought the US was losing the Cold War Joseph R. McCarthy gave a speech to a Republican women’s group in West Virginia  He claimed to have documents that named 205 men in the State Department to be members of the Communist Party and spy ring  The list was never shown to the public  Investigations became witch hunts- searches for disloyalty based on weak evidence and irrational fears  McCarthy continued to harass and accuse Americans Finally in 1954 Army Lawyer, Joseph Welch put a stop to the accusations by standing up to McCarthy and his irrational behavior

33. The McCarran Act 1950 International Security Act aka McCarran Act Made it illegal to attempt to establish a totalitarian government in the US Required all communist-related organizations to publish their records and register with the US attorney general Communists could not have passports and in all cases of national emergency would be arrested and detained (forgoing civil rights) Congress passed this after Truman Vetoed it

34. American Life during the Early Cold War Fears of communism and nuclear war affected every American Americans first, then Soviets successfully tested the H- Bomb in 1953 more powerful than the atom bomb Duck-and-cover drills and fall out shelters were used Fallout- radiation left over from the bomb blast Popular culture created spy entertainment and nonfiction books about Hiroshima and the side effects of nuclear war. The country was enjoying postwar prosperity and optimism but it was combined with McCarthyism, fears of Communism and atomic attacks

35. Chapter 13 The Cold War Begins Lesson 4: Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies

36. Massive Retaliation Policy of threatening a massive response, including the use of nuclear weapons against a communists state trying to seize a peaceful state by force 1952 Eisenhower became president, Truman did no run again  Republican who commanded in WWII and set up D-Day  National hero  Convinced that the key to victory was not a simple military but also a strong economy  The US had to show the world that the free enterprise system could produce a better society than communism  The losses during the Korean War convinced Eisenhower that the US could not contain communism by fighting a series of small wars  Wars had to be prevented in the first place  Reduced the size of the Army and increased the nuclear arsenal

37. Brinkmanship The practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the limit to force an opponent to back down, Continual threats of Nuclear War Taiwan Crisis  Chinese Nationalists controlled Taiwan and several small islands along China’s coast  1954 Communists China threatened Nationalist Taiwan  He wanted that an attack on Taiwan would be resisted by the US naval forces and they would use Nuclear weapons The Suez Crisis  The US wanted to support the Arabs in the Middle East but since they bought Soviet weapons Congress refused to support them.  Egypt seized the Suez Canal  GB and France evaded Egypt  USSR threated to rocket GB and France and threated to send troops  The US pressured GB and France and threated to send nukes too  The Soviet Union won a major diplomatic victory and soon many more Arab nations began accepting soviet aid.

38. Covert Operations Developing nations- nations with primarily agricultural economies  Many of these nations blamed European Imperialism or American Capitalism for their problems  They looked to the Soviet Union for support  Eisenhower knew that the one way to keep these developing nations from turning to Communism was with financial aid  The CIA ran covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders in these countries and replaced them with pro-American leaders Iran 1953  In Iran when the leaders turned to communisms the CIA staged street riots which gave the pro-American leader power Guatemala 1954  Voted president, Guzman passed a land reform that took over the large estates and plantations, including American-owned United Fruit Company  Communist, Czechoslovakia delivered arms to Guatemala  The CIA armed the opposing Guatemalans and secretly trained them, then invaded, president Guzman stepped down from office

39. Nikita Khrushchev in Eastern Europe Stalin died in 1953, a struggle for power ensued Nikita Khrushchev had emerged as the Soviet Leader  1956-delivered a private speech to USSR officials  CIA obtained a copy of the speech and distributed it throughout Europe  Speech attacked Stalin’s past policies, discredited Communism  Communism and Capitalism could peacefully co-exist  Many Eastern European counties under Soviet Rule began to riot and resist Soviet rule  Khrushchev would allow little freedom but intended on crushing the rioting in Hungary

40. Eisenhower Doctrine 1957-Containment in the Middle East President of Egypt, Nasser, emerged from the Suez crisis as a hero of the Arab people He began to unite Syria and Jordan to spread pan- Arabism The US began to worry about Nasser’s links to the Soviets and feared the loss of the Middle East Eisenhower asked Congress to use military force in the Middle East nations to resist Communist aggression. The policy became known as the Eisenhower Doctrine, which extended the Truman Doctrine of Containment into the Middle East

41. Khrushchev change in tone 1957 After a Hungarian uprising Khrushchev reasserted Soviet power and superiority of communism  Blamed the capitalists for starting an arms race  The Soviet Union launched Sputnik satellite in 1957, which the Soviets saw as proof of their superiority  After Sputnik, threatened, “Your grandchildren will live under communism!”  Demanded Allied troops to exit West Berlin  Sec of State, Dulles (of US) rejected the demands and threatened that NATO would respond with military force, if need be  Khrushchev backed down and brinkmanship worked again

42. A Spy Plane Shot down 1960 Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to visit the US but the two agreed to meet in Paris  Before they met the US was caught spying with a U-2 spy plane, Soviets shot it down, produced the American piolet for proof  This destroyed relations between the two

43. Tensions Rise by 1961 Eisenhower prepares to leave office Warned Americans of the military-industrial complex- an informal relationship that some believe exists between the military and the defense industry to promote greater military spending and influence government policy He avoided war, contained communism Eisenhower left office frustrated He sent military advisers into South Vietnam to train a South Vietnamese army Fidel Castro established a communist regime in Cuba