1. Chapter 4 Urban America

2. Europeans Flood Into America 1) 25 million Europeans 2) 1890’s, more than half of all U.S. immigrants were Eastern and Southern Europe 3) Many European immigrants came to escape poverty and European social classes 4) Other reasons-military service, religious persecution

3. Ellis Island/ Divisive Cities/ Asian Immigration 1) Most immigrants spent a processing day at Ellis Island 2) Divided into ethnic groups in different cities and areas of cities (ex. NYC Little Italy) 3) Chinese immigration-1850’s and 1860’s; mostly Western cities 4) Native born discrimination caused some Chinese to open own businesses 5) Angel Island

5. Nativism Resurges/ Backlash Against Catholics 1) Nativism=dislike against immigrants; nativists began pressuring government to limit or cut off immigration 2) First Irish, later Asian, Jews, Eastern Europeans; very anti-Catholic 3) Undercut American Workers 4) American Protective Association= 1887

6. Restrictions Against Asian Immigration 1) Workingman’s Party of California 2) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)-No Chinese immigrant citizenship 3) 1906- “Oriental School 4) Gentleman’s Agreement

7. Americans Migrate to the Cities 1) Move to cities=better paying jobs & more amenities 2) Upward, not outward= skyscrapers 3) Chicago=elevated railway system (The El); Boston & New York=first subway systems. Used to relieve congestion on city streets.

8. Separation By Class 1) Industrialization makes some wealthy, creates growing middle class 2) Wealthy families=servants and social activities 3) Middle class=move from city to streetcar suburb 4) Working class=tenements (urban multifamily housing) 5) All worked, including kids

9. Urban Problems 1) City risks- fire, crime, violence, disease, pollution (ex. Memphis loses charter 1879 due to yellow fever) 2) Political machine- gain and keep power; city dwellers provided necessities in exchange for votes 3) Party bosses ran machine 4) Machine politics=graft 5) Tammany Hall= NYC machine led by William “Boss” Tweed, one of NYC’s most powerful bosses

10. Gilded Age Ideas 1) Gilded Age-U.S. from 1870s to 1900s 2) Individualism-belief in self improvement 3) Horatio Alger-“rags to riches” 4) Social Darwinism-application of Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection; aka “Survival of the Fittest” 5) Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth- responsibility to engage in philanthropy

11. Helping the Urban Poor/Public Education 1) Social Gospel- better conditions in cities according to the biblical ideals of charity and justice 2) Salvation Army/YMCA- combined faith and reform 3) Dwight L. Moody-helping the poor not by services, but redeeming souls and reforming character. 4) Settlement houses- used to aid poor (Ex: Hull House-Jane Addams; Henry Street- Lillian Wald) 5) Americanization 6) Booker T. Washington- Tuskegee Institute, 1881

12. Realism/Popular Culture 1) Realism movement- art, literature, etc. 2) Mark Twain- The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 3) Facets of Gilded Age life: Saloons, amusement parks (Coney Island),physical activities, vaudeville 4) Scott Joplin- “The Maple Leaf Rag”(1899)

13. Politics In Washington/ Civil Service Reform 1) President James Garfield- July 2, 1881 2) Spoils System/ Patronage 3) 1883: Pendleton Act- beginning of professional civil service system; some jobs go to people who perform well on Civil Service exam

14. The Election of 1884 1) Grover Cleveland- NY Governor 2) James G. Blaine- Speaker of the House 3) Mugwumps- helped Cleveland win 4) 1887: Interstate Commerce Act 5) Republican blocking of Democratic efforts to lower tariffs

15. The Election of 1888/Unrest in Rural America 1) Benjamin Harrison 2) 1890: McKinley Tariff & Sherman Antitrust Act 3) Populism 4) Inflation/ deflation 5) Economic pains for farmers: deflation, high tariffs, high shipping rates

16. The Rise of Populism/ The Election of 1896 1) 1890 2) Southern Alliance leaders 3) July 1892-Omaha, Nebraska 4) People’s Party, aka Populists 5) Populist Platform- graduated income tax 6) Gold Standard 7) William Jennings Bryan vs. William McKinley 8) Populist decline- supporting Bryan and Democrats

17. Resistance & Repression 1) After Reconstruction 2) Benjamin “Pap” Singleton- ideas set in motion a mass migration of African Americans 3) Exodusters 4) 1886- Colored Farmers’ National Alliance 5) 1890- 1.2 million 6) Democratic leaders- racism

18. Taking Away the Vote 1) 15 th Amendment- loophole allowing states to use other means to deny voting rights 2) 1890- Mississippi poll tax takes vote from African Americans and poor whites 3) Literacy test 4) Louisiana 1867 grandfather clause

19. Legalizing Segregation 1) Segregation 2) Jim Crow laws 3) 1883- overturned Civil Rights Act of 1875 4) Southern states’ 5) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)- established doctrine of “separate, but equal” and allowed discrimination

20. DuBois v. Washington 1) Ida B. Wells (TN)- launched campaign against lynching 2) Mary Church Terrell-NAACP & WWEA 3) Booker T. Washington 4) 1895- Atlanta Compromise speech 5) W.E.B. DuBois 6) 1903- The Souls of Black Folks