1. European Imperialism &“The Great War” 1914-1918 AP Euro – Chapter 25 – The Age of Western Imperialism ( Napoleon cover) Chapter 25 – Imperialism, Alliances, and War ( Yellow cover)

2. Imperialism  One country’s domination of another country

3. The New Imperialism (1870- 1914)  The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations

4. Imperialism Possibly Resulted From:  1. Industrial Revolution – Industrial Wealth = source of power  demand for raw materials; Commercial interests  New weapons developed  2. Nationalism – competition between nations  Overseas territories  Bigger Armies  Technologically advanced weapons  3. Feelings of Racial Superiority-  Social Darwinism  Europeans “superior” to others

5. Justifications at the time …  European nations had the “duty” to bring “superior civilization” to “backwards” people

6. Forms of Imperial Rule:  1. Colony- ruled directly through colonial officials  2. Protectorate – government guided by foreign power  3. Sphere of Influence- imperialist power has exclusive trading rights

7. The British Empire  1. India (including Pakistan and Bangladesh)  “the jewel of the British empire”  Central to British Military & Economy

8. The British Empire  1. India  The Sepoy Rebellion, 1857-1858  Indian troops rebelled against British  India gained independence in 1947 (after WWII)

9. The British Empire  2. Egypt (unofficial)  Suez Canal opened in 1869  The canal reduced shipping distance between Great Britain and India  Britain “unofficially” advised Egyptian leaders for the next 70 years

10. The Partition of Africa, 1885  Otto von Bismarck Hosted the Berlin Conference  Purpose: for European nations to divide African continent amongst themselves

11. The Partition of Africa, 1885  By 1914, European powers controlled all of African continent  Except: Liberia & Ethiopia

12. European Nations and Imperialism in Africa  France: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco  Italy: Libya and Turkey  Great Britain: Egypt, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria,

13. Cecil Rhodes & Rhodesia

14. European Nations and Imperialism in Africa  Belgium-King Leopold II, 1879- 1884  Claimed the Congo as his “personal plantation”  Enslaved inhabitants  Extracted ivory, rubber, other resources  Established Brutal imperial rule

15. The Dutch in South Africa  Dutch Colonists arrived early 1600’s “Afrikaners”  The Boer War – (1899-1902)  British vs. Dutch fought over territory  British won  Established racist rule = apartheid

16. European Nations and Imperialism in Asia  Great Britain - India  Brought irrigation, railroads, cottage industry, justice system  Demanded English as official language  2. The Netherlands ( Holland) -Indonesia  Establish -Dutch East Indies-  Forced labor of farmers  Inhabitants allowed to speak indigenous languages  Both had rich & varied natural resources

17. European Nations and Imperialism in Asia  France- became involved in South East Asia in 1850’s  French established colony of Indochina = (modern day) Vietnam

18. European Nations and Imperialism in Asia  Russia - 1891 established Trans- Siberian Railroad  Russia leased land (Liaotung) from China and obtained the right to build railroads in Manchuria

19. Consequences of the New Imperialism  1. Damaged and sometimes destroyed native cultures  2. Created a global economy  3. Intensified European rivalries

20. The Great War (1914-1918)

21. Otto von Bismarck’s Network of Alliances  Germany joined a military alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879  Italy joined this alliance in 1882  They formed the “Triple Alliance”  Kaiser William II forced Bismarck to resign in 1890

22. Germany- Kaiser William II’s Aggressive Policies  Eager to demonstrate his power, William II financed a program of naval and military expansion in Germany  Great Britain, Europe’s historic naval power ( since Queen Elizabeth I), felt threatened

23. Germany- Growth Prior to WWI  Industrial Growth: By 1900, Germany produced more steel than Great Britain and France combined  Population growth: Germany had 64 million people in 1910, France 40 million that same year  Military Growth/Expansion

24. The Entente Cordiale ( Friendly Understanding)  France and Russia signed the Franco-Prussian alliance in 1894  Great Britain Formed and alliance with France and Russia in 1904  They then formed the Triple Entente

25. “4 M.A.I.N.” Long Term Causes of WWI  1. Militarism  2. Alliances  3. Imperialism  4. Nationalism

26. 1.Militarism  Glorification of war  Nations wanted “bigger armies” and More destructive weapons  “Conscription” or draft

27. 2.Alliances  1. Alliance Systems: defense agreements amongst nations (sometimes secret)

28. 3. Imperialism  Nations competed For:  Overseas territories  Foreign investments  Raw materials  new economic markets

29. 4. Nationalism  Extreme Patriotism-  Belief that one’s nation is superior because they have the largest army, the most land, the most wealth.

30. The Balkans Peninsula Made up of Various ethnic groups ( mostly Slavic Groups / “Slavs”) Exception: Greeks and Romanians

31. The Balkans Peninsula  Various ethnic groups spoke the same language  Used different alphabets depending on religion  Serbs & Bosnians= Eastern Orthodox (Cyrillic Alphabet)  Croats & Slovenes = Catholics (Roman Alphabet)

32. Background Info  Austria- Hungary  Took over Bosnia- Herzegovina in 1908  Serbians claimed territory was theirs

33. Background info  Pan- Slavic movement: Serbian leaders hoped to create a unified Slav nation  Autria-Hungary felt threatened by Slavic nationalism

34. Immediate Cause WWI  June 28 th, 1914  The Assassination of the Heir to Austria- Hungarian Throne  Francis Ferdinand

35. Immediate Cause WWI  Austria-Hungary  Blamed Serbian radicals and held them responsible

36. The Assassin-Gavrilo Princip  Member of radical group “Black Hand”  Seven other assassins implicated  Austria- Hungary asked Germany how to proceed

37. The “Blank Check”  Germany advised the following: “be firm”  Austria- Hungary felt assured Germany would back them up…

38. Austria-Hungary  Declared war on Serbia, in 1914  WWI began as a “regional” Conflict between :  Austria – Hungary vs. Serbia

39. How Does a “Local” Conflict Transform itself into a World War?  “ALLIANCES” dragged the entire European continent into the war  “IMPERIALISM” dragged foreign territories Into the war

40. Sides & Alliances  The Triple Entente (Allies)  1. Serbia  2. France  3. Great Britain  4. Russia  5. U.S. (1917)  And all foreign colonies  The Central Powers  1. Austria-Hungary  2. Germany  3. Italy  4. Ottoman Empire.  And all foreign colonies

41. Schlieffen Plan  Germany’s military strategy:  1. invade Belgium (Belgium was neutral)  2. Advance into France/ Defeat French  3. Move on to Russia  Flaw: plan ignored the British response

42. Trench Warfare  “Western Front”  Battle line stretching  500 miles  From Switzerland to North Sea

43. “No Man’s Land”  Separated 2 trenches  Mines & barbed Wire Protected area in front of trench  point: to run across “no man’s land” to enemy trench

44. New Weapons Introduced  1. Machine guns  2. heavy artillery  3. Mustard Gas  4. Tanks  5. U-Boats (submarines)  Weapons /new technology transformed the way wars are fought

45. “Flaming Coffins”  Planes – 15 yrs old  Noisy, “crude vehicles”  Pilot sits directly above fuel tank  Morse Code Transmitter  No brakes…

46. Germans Introduce U-BOAT  Early Submarines  May 1915 U-boat Fired at British ship  U-Boats fired at passenger and freight vessels, merchant ships

47. Battle of Gallipoli  1915-Jan 1916 (Turkey)  Triple Entente wanted  Control of Dardanelles straits  Humiliating defeat for the British

48. Battle of Verdun, Battle of Somme  1916 (France)  *horrific casualties:  Germans 500,000  Great Britain 400,000  French 200,000  British introduced tanks

49. Armenian Genocide  Ottoman Turks  Starved & Murdered Armenians because they supported Russia & Triple Entente

50. British Strategy…  Col. T.E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”) worked against Turks in Mid. East  Balfour Note – 1917 promised British support of a Jewish homeland in the middle east

51. Sinking of the Lusitania  1. German U-Boat fired a torpedo and sank the Lusitania, 1915  A British passenger liner  1,200 lives lost, 130 Americans

52. The Sinking of the Lusitania  Caused outrage in the American Public  Germany claimed…  The Ship was carrying American weapons and supplies to Great Britain

53. “Zimmerman “ Telegram  British intercepted a telegram sent to  The German Ambassador in Mexico  If Mexico formed an alliance with Germany, Germany would help it regain the Southwest territories lost to the U.S.

54. German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare  German U-boats disrupted trade  Defied the right to free trade  German U-boats patrolled the Atlantic off the coast of Great Britain  Engaged others ( military and civilian)in “un-restricted” warfare

55. U.S. Entered WWI  April 2, 1917  American President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to Declare war on Germany and allies

56. Wilson’s (most important) 14 Points- Jan.1918  1. Abolishment of secret treaties  2. Freedom of the seas  3. Economic freedom  4. Reduction of arms  5. End of colonization  6-13. Freedom of all people to choose independence  14. Formation of an international organization for collective security (League of Nations)

57. The End of WWI  Germans sought “Armistice” – agreement to end fighting  WWI ended on- 11-11-1918

58. Treaty of Versailles, 1919  Resolution is discussed  Central Powers excluded from negotiations

59. The “Big Four”, Met in 1919  Woodrow Wilson = U.S.  Georges Clemenceau = France  Lloyd George = Great Britain  Vittorio Orlando = Italy

60. New European Map  New Countries formed as a result of WWI:  1. Czechoslovakia  2. Hungary  3. Austria  4. Romania  5. Serbia  6. Yugoslavia  7. Poland  8Finland  9, 10, 11. Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia

61. Treaty of Versailles, 1919  Article 231:  Placed sole blame for the war on Germany  Their Army/navy was reduced  Germany lost all of its colonies around the world

62. Wilson’s League of Nations  International forum the answer for peace  U.S. congress voted against it  Article X: called for members to stand ready if another member nation’s sovereignty was threatened

63. League of Nations Would Have..  1. Dealt with economic & social problems  2. Encouraged world disarmament  3. Settled disputes between nations peacefully

64. WWI Aftermath  10 million soldiers killed  3-5 million civilians killed  28-30 million wounded or disabled  Cost $400 billion (modern day currency)

65. European Women & WWI  Millions of women took jobs in factories, offices, war industries  Employment of women essential to war effort  Women’s suffrage leaders such as Emmeline Pankhurst encouraged women to contribute to the war effort

66. WWI in Literature  All is Quiet on the Western Front- written by Erich Maria Remarque  A German veteran of WWI  Described the senseless violence and suffering of soldiers

67. The Trench Coat  Designed by the Burberrys company in London  For WWI soldiers

68. The Spanish Influenza - A worldwide “ Pandemic”  More casualties than the war!  Spring 1918- 1919  22 million people throughout the world died due to influenza