1. APUSH Chapter 18 PPt The Industrial City

2. AP US Chapter 25 Notes 1860 Census Population = 31,443,321 1900 Census Population = 75,995,000 Population of America’s cities tripled

3. The Industrial City Before 1865 cities grew as commercial centers. After 1865 cities became industrial centers. As the nation’s industrial growth continued, cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York grew rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers. Factories in the large cities provided jobs. –Water power no longer crucial –Railroads allowed for advantageous location Cities spread out… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhyRpvgm03g

5. The Industrial City: Mass Transit In 1865 Chicagoans depended on horsecar lines to get around town. By 1900 the city limits had expanded enormously and so had the streetcar service, which was by then electrified. Elevated trains eased the congestion on downtown streets. And the continuing extension of the streetcar lines, some beyond the city limits, assured that suburban development would be continuing as well.

6. The City Spreads “Up” Steel girders, plate glass, and electric elevators allowed skyscrapers “Chicago School” –dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function

7. The City: Electricity Impact on industry Streetlights –Replaced dim gas lamps “Tempo” of city –Elevators, streetcars, subway trains…communication (phone)

8. Private City v Public City Cities represented a mixture of private and public investment. Most of the innovations we have mentioned resulted from private companies going after profit But city governments also launched on ambitious public works projects –e.g. NY’s subway…aqueducts, sewage systems, bridges, and spacious parks.

9. Problems Cities led the way in revolutionary positive changes But they also saw –Increased crime –Terrible housing for the poor –Sanitation issues

10. Problems Growth of urban slums In a contest for a design that met an 1879 requirement that every room have a window, the dumbbell tenement won. The interior indentation, which created an airshaft between adjoining buildings, gave the tenement its “dumbbell” shape. What was touted as a “model” tenement demonstrated instead the futility of trying to reconcile maximum land usage with decent housing. Each floor contained four apartments of three or four rooms, the largest only 10 by 11 feet. The two toilets in the hall became filthy or broke down under daily use by forty or more people. The narrow airshaft provided almost no light for the interior rooms and served mainly as a dumping ground for garbage. So deplorable were these tenements that they became the stimulus for the next wave of New York housing reform.

11. The Urban Frontier Slums remained foul places, inhabited by a successive waves of newcomers Many immigrants worked hard to escape the slums… –Many of them resettled in ethnic neighborhoods in the cities –The wealthier left the cities and headed for the suburbs

12. The Geography of the City Geography defined the urban class structure. The poor inhabited the inner cities and factory districts. The middle class spread out into the suburbs, while the rich lived insulated in fancy neighborhoods or beyond the suburbs. For the wealthy an elite society emerged, stressing an opulent lifestyle and exclusive social organizations –Ward McCallister’s Social Register

13. Middle Class Suburbs Increasing separation between work and home –Increasing domesticity for wives (middle class ideal) –Popularity of Good Housekeeping, Ladies’ Home Journal etc. –Some women rebelled against this…marriage rate decreased Cult of Masculinity –Rise of competitive sports –Increased interest in the West –Compensating for “wimpy jobs”

14. Change for Women Gradually becoming liberated 1873 Comstock Law…forbade sending “obscene materials” through the mail –Attitudes changed by 1890s 1890s Artist Charles Dana Gibson created the image of the “new woman”

15. Changing attitudes towards kids Earlier in the century…kids an economic asset…worked Middle Class stopped expecting kids to work –Image of kids as more pampered An education became seen as a necessary preparation for adulthood –High School education stats below fro 1870 to 1910

16. The New Immigration

17. 1600 to 1880 = Old Immigration –Most immigrants from British Isles / NW Europe –WASPs except for Catholic Irish and some Catholic Germans –High literacy rates, used to rep. govern –Most fitted in…especially farmers 1880s = New Immigration –Southern & eastern Europe –Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, Poles –Orthodox, Jewish religions –Came from countries with little democratic tradition –Illiterate, impoverished…flocked to cities

19. The New Immigration

20. Narrowing the Welcoming Mat Fears: –Mongrelizing blood, cheap labor, foreign ideas, degradation of urban govt. Rise of second wave of Nativist groups –American Protective Association (1887 – soon claimed a million members) urged voting against RC politicians –Organized labor Workers wanted protection from foreign workers Legislation –1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, 1920s Immigration Restriction Act –Calls for a literacy test in the late 1800s

21. Geography for the Newcomers New Immigrants lived with people of their own culture The “Great Migration” of blacks from South to North (1890ish to 1920s) was just beginning. Northern urban blacks became concentrated in inner city ghettoes

22. Ward Politics The national government was unprepared and ill-equipped for this. Newcomers to a city became ward members. The city was run by a political machine Machines dispensed favors to city dwellers and city businesses –Tenement dweller gave vote –Businesses wrote checks Corruption –Boss Tweed – Tammany Hall, NY –Went to jail in 1871

23. Religion in the City Jewish immigrants –Challenge to maintain lifestyle –Some adapted their beliefs…some stayed strict Catholics –Struggles between Irish power structure and non-Irish immigrants who wanted ethnic parishes, priests etc. Protestant Churches –Traditional churches struggled -Protestant churches evangelized more after 1880 -Offered services -Salvation Army…religion and charity -YMCA…Dwight Moody

24. Bright Lights Going out…seen as necessary…justifying city life –Vaudeville –First movies (nickelodeons) –Growth of prostitution, drugs, gay subculture in some cities Baseball –National League 1876 –Acted as the glue that held many immigrants together Newspapers –Yellow journalism Public Schools –Pledge of Allegiance (1892) –Immigrants’ kids became Americanized

25. High Culture Antebellum Lyceum Movement Art galleries…symphony orchestras –Generosity of “robber barons” Conservative literary scene…realism novels