1. SC.912.L.18.1 Piero Madueno Biology Mr. Llano

2. Carbohydrates Molecular Structure: Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1 carbon atom,2 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom. Glucose is also found in these carbohydrates and have 6 carbon atoms in them.

3. Carbohydrates Function: Carbohydrates are used for energy and for short term energy storage, your body burns them for energy and/or stores them for energy as well. Without carbohydrates, your body wouldn't have the energy to do any physical activities. When you eat them, your body breaks them down into Glucose, the simplest sugar.

4. Nucleic Acids Molecular structure: 2 different types of nucleic Acid – DNA, RNA DNA - contains Phosphate, Nitrogen Base( A,T,G,C) and Deoxyribose sugar. RNA - contains Phosphate, Nitrogen Base(A,U,G,C), and Ribose sugar.

5. Nucleic Acids Function: Store information and contain information for making body proteins. DNA Function – stores genetic information 3 Types of RNA function: mRNA-carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA - carries and has amino acids. rRNA - forms and makes ribosomes.

6. Proteins Molecular Structure: All proteins are made up of Amino Acids that are linked together, like a “chain”. Each protein can be made up of different numbers of Amino Acids, it all depends on the genetic information in a cell. Amino Acids contain Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.

7. Proteins Function: Proteins support your connective tissues (Ligaments, Tendons, and bones). Proteins help to rebuild and repairing body tissues, like muscle. Proteins help the formation of enzymes and hormones. They help fight infection by forming antibodies which enable the body to defend itself against diseases.

8. Lipids Molecular Function: Lipids are fat-soluble molecules. There is no single structure for lipids. The most common structure for lipids are “Triglycerides”, which are fats and oils. The 2 nd most common structure for lipids are phospholipids, which are in animal and plant cell membranes.

9. Lipids Function: Lipids are used to store energy for longs periods of time, unlike carbohydrates. Lipids are also used as a structural component of cell membranes. They are also used in insulation, which prevents heat loss from the body. They help the body absorb vitamins.

10. How do Enzymes speed up the rate of biogeochemical reaction by lowering the reactions activation? Chemical reactions involve molecules colliding with each other. However, most “collisions” don’t have the right orientation or energy for the process to proceed. Most of the molecules just bounce off each other without changing, which is not suppose to happen. This

11. Continuation happens because the temperature is increasing. The higher the temperature is, the faster the molecules move. The lower the temperature is, the slower the molecules move. Since the temperature is increasing, the molecules may have the required energy to collide. Enzymes are protein catalysts that force molecules into the correct orientation. Enzyme speed up the rate of the Reactions by lowering the required energy for a collision, therefore the reaction is faster.

12. Effects of Environmental factors on enzyme activity Enzyme activities are effected by its environmental conditions, if they are altered, they can change the rate of the reactions caused by the enzyme. In the nature, organisms will adjust the conditions of there enzymes to make a more useful rate of reaction if it is necessary.( Most of the times it is ) Sometimes the organism enzymes adapt to there extreme environmental conditions.

13. How does Concentration affect enzyme activity? Changing the concentration of a substance will only affect the rate of reaction if it is the limiting factor(the factor that is stopping the reaction from going to a higher rate). If it is the limiting factor, the rate of reaction will go up but only to a certain rate. If this occurs, concentration will no longer be the limiting factor and something else will have to limit the rate of reaction.

14. How does “PH” affect enzyme activity? Ph measure the acidity and basicity of a solution, like H and Ho. H and Ho ions are two different types of concentrations. When H and Ho ions are charged, they interfere with the ionic bonds that hold up an enzyme. This will cause a change in shape to the enzyme. Any change in the ph of an enzyme above or beneath the optimum will decrease the rate of reaction.

15. Optimum

16. How does temperature affect enzyme activity? If the temperature is high, the chance of molecules random colliding is higher. Increasing temperature will increase the rate of reaction, thus forming more products. When the temperature increases, there is more strain on the bonds that hold the molecules together, which break and cause the shape of the active site to change.