1. Unit 6 Chapter 18 Science and Enlightenment

3. Enlightenment Exit Card – Answer the following on the index card you picked up Define: philosophes, Enlightened despot, & deism How did the Enlightenment affect the French and American Revolutions (at least three ways) On the back, discuss the rule of these monarchs/enlightened despots: Maria Theresa, Joseph II, Catherine the Great, Charles VI, Frederick the Great

4. The Protestant Reformation Gave Way to Other Revolutions *Science*Enlightenment

5. Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution “Prove It”

6. Scientific Revolution Fueled By Scholasticism of the Late Middle Ages Humanism of the Renaissance Growth of Universities Growth of Literacy (printing press) Protestant Reformation Age of Exploration Political Rivalries in Europe

7. Medieval View of the World Synthesis of Christian theology and scientific beliefs of the time St. Thomas Aquinas studied Aristotle attempting to harmonize science with Christian thought (scholasticism) St. Thomas Aquinas studied Aristotle attempting to harmonize science with Christian thought (scholasticism) Science was used to understand God Science was used to understand God Four Elements of the Material World – earth, water, air and fire Gave rise to alchemy – the idea that if you change those elements you get differences in the material world Gave rise to alchemy – the idea that if you change those elements you get differences in the material world Four Elements of the Human Body – blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile Disease caused by evil spirits, punishment by God Disease caused by evil spirits, punishment by God Ptolemy went unquestioned (“geocentric” theory - earth-centered universe)

8. Mini-Research Project Research the person you are assigned. Be prepared to provide the class with the following info: When and where did they live? When and where did they live? What are their MOST IMPORTANT achievements or “daring new ideas”? What are their MOST IMPORTANT achievements or “daring new ideas”? Think and respond: How did their achievements challenge old ideas about science, politics, religion or philosophy of previous generations? Think and respond: How did their achievements challenge old ideas about science, politics, religion or philosophy of previous generations? What one word would you use to summarize this person or their achievements? What one word would you use to summarize this person or their achievements?

9. Major Scientists Astronomy Copernicus 1473-1543 Tycho Brahe 1546-1601 Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 Galileo 1564-1642 Francis Bacon 1561-1626 Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Medicine and Chemistry Paracelsus 1493-1541 Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 William Harvey 1578-1657

10. The Women-Folk In the Middle Ages, women who sought learning were hampered by the idea that a woman’s appropriate role was that of a homemaker (unless they joined a convent) As a result of Humanism, some women were encouraged to read the classics and Christian texts By the 17 th century, however, this enthusiasm will wane, and education was only available to a privileged few Margaret Cavendish Margaret Cavendish Maria Merian Maria Merian Maria Winkelmann Maria Winkelmann

11. Debates on the Nature of Women (querelles des femmes) Middle Ages -Male view of women not very favorable Women inherently base Women inherently base Easily swayed an prone to vice Easily swayed an prone to vice Sexually insatiable Sexually insatiable Early Modern Era – women began to speak out, argued that education was the key to women’s ability Scientific Revolution – Didn’t help much. Reaffirmed traditional medieval ideas about women Anatomical skeletons of male and female pelvis reasserted the idea that women were only meant to be child bearers, and a males larger skull proved his intellectual superiority Anatomical skeletons of male and female pelvis reasserted the idea that women were only meant to be child bearers, and a males larger skull proved his intellectual superiority As science and medicine were upgraded to professional crafts, women lost traditional roles as midwives As science and medicine were upgraded to professional crafts, women lost traditional roles as midwives Widespread growth of literature allowed for the spread and continuation of sexist ideas Widespread growth of literature allowed for the spread and continuation of sexist ideas

12. Typical for the Time “which one shows to the curious, but which has no use at all, any more than a carousel horse” -Jean de La Bryere on how an educated woman was like a gun that is a collectors item

13. Science and Religion Deism – by product of the Scientific Revolution - Perceived god as a “watchmaker” who created the universe but has little influence Blaise Pascal Benedict de Spinoza

14. Key Concept Church had to defend itself on two fronts Protestant Reformation which challenged the Pope using theological grounds Protestant Reformation which challenged the Pope using theological grounds Scientific Revolution which challenged his authority on scientific or mathematical grounds Scientific Revolution which challenged his authority on scientific or mathematical grounds

15. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution The growth of a well-respected, competitive scientific international community The development of a rational method for obtaining scientific knowledge versus basing conclusions on ancient established sources Its impact was on how people thought, however it was not applied to economic and social improvement until the 18 th century ( no improvement in the standard of living for most folks)

16. Enlightenment Philosophers, Social Critics, et al develop new ideas on the role of mankind and government and applied it to social issues and politics (used new scientific methods from the scientific revolution) Models of government produced were imitated in later constitutions (including U.S.) Challenged absolute monarchies who aligned themselves with the church (confusing when Pope and monarch divinely appointed – what happens when they disagree?)

17. Enlightened Thinkers Philosophes Rene Descartes – 1596-1650 Jean-Jacques Rousseau – 1712-1778 Voltaire – 1694-1778 Denis Diderot – 1713-1784 Immanuel Kant – 1724-1804 Thomas Hobbes – 1588-1679 John Locke – 1632-1704 Montesquieu – 1689-1755 Adam Smith – 1737-1790 Marquise de Pompadour Mary Wollstonecraft – 1759-1797

18. (add) David Hume – philosopher that says desire rather than reason governs human behavior Edward Gibbon – criticizes Christianity Cesare Beccaria – one of the first to condemn death penalty and torture; book On Crimes and Punishment (1764); shows overall theme of Enlightenment of humanitarianism

19. Enlightened Monarchs Used enlightened ideas (often combined with absolute rule) Toleration Toleration Justice Justice Improvement of people’s lives Improvement of people’s livesExamples Frederick II of Prussia Catherine the Great of Russia Maria Theresa of Austria Joseph II of Austria 1. Give examples of how they initiated “enlightened reform” within their respective realms (pp.615-621) 2. What overall effect did the Enlightenment have on France ? (summarize pp. 622-623) 3. What was the overall influence of the Enlightenment ? (summarize pp. 623)

20. Thoughtful Exercises to Help You Achieve “Enlightenment” Which “philosophes” or other enlightenment thinkers influenced each of the “enlightened absolutes”?

21. Say What? Identify which enlightened thinker would have said the following:

22. “Dare to Know” Emmanuel Kant, defining the “enlightenment”

23. “I think, therefore I am” Renee Descartes, on deductive reasoning

24. The mind is a “tabula rasa” John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding

25. “Ecrasez l’ infame!” (crush the horrible thing!) Voltaire, on religion

26. “All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains” Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract

27. it should be operated by and “invisible hand” Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations

28. We should then love them with true affections, because we should learn to respect ourselves” Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Women

29. “it’s against natural law” Montesquieu, on slavery

30. “life is nasty, brutish and short” Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan