1. The Scientific Revolution
Unit Two/Ch. 16
AP European History
Ms. Tully - UHS
The Scientific Revolution

2. II. Advances in Medicine & Chemistry
Focus Question What did Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine?

3. Dominance of Galen 2nd C Greek physician
Theory of two different blood systems
Doctrine of four bodily humors: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile

4. Paracelsus (1493-1541) Swiss scientists – lone ranger in medicine
Rejected work of Aristotle & Galen
Macrocosm-Microcosm theory
Disease caused by chemical imbalances in specific organs
Disease treatment – “like cures like”
Father of modern medicine

5. Vesalius ( )
MD from University of Padua 1536  Professor of surgery
Emphasis on practical research to understand human body
On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543

6. William Harvey (1578-1657) MD from University of Padua in 1602
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, 1628
Heart starting point for circulation, blood flows in veins & arteries

7. Chemistry Robert Boyle (1626- 1691) – matter is composed of atoms
Antoine Lavoisier ( ) – system for naming chemical elements

8. III. Women in the Origins of Modern Science
Focus Question: What role did women play in the Scientific Revolution?

9. Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673)
Prominent female scientist of 17th C
Excluded from Royal Society
Active & critical participant
Example of French or English woman in science

10. Maria Merian ( )
Tradition of female craft production  scientific participation
Reputation as important entomologist in 18th C
1699  Merian went to South America to study bugs

11. Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720) Famous German female astronomer
Married Gottfried Kirch  leading astronomer
Faced typical obstacles in career

12. Debate on the Nature of Women
Querelles des femmes – arguments about women
Medieval males opinions
Early modern female arguments  women were rational, education beneficial
Science used to support old stereotypical views
Labor & birth transferred from midwives to men
Distribution of misogynistic/scientific literature perpetuated attitudes against women

13. IV. Descartes & Rationalism
Read Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind on p
What is Cartesian dualism, and what were its social implications?
Why is Descartes considered the “founder of modern rationalism”?
Read The Father of Modern Rationalism on p & answer the prompt at the end.
This will go directly into Section #3: Classwork/Homework !!

14. V. The Scientific Method & the Spread of Scientific Knowledge
Focus Question:
How were the ideas of the Scientific Revolution spread, and what impact did they have on society and religion?

15. Francis Bacon ( )
Scientific method built on inductive principles
Organized experiments, systematic observations  Empiricism
Wanted to contribute to “mechanical arts”

16. Rene Descartes ( )
Emphasize deduction and mathematical logic  Discourse on Method
Newton synthesized Bacon’s empiricism & Descartes’ rationalism into one method

17. Scientific Societies English Royal Society – 1640s
French Academy of Sciences – 1650s
Both societies practical value of scientific research  primary focus on mechanics & astronomy
German princes & cities sponsored small scale societies
Spread of scientific journals

18. Science and Society
How did science become such an integral part of Western culture in the 17th & 18th centuries?
Merchants & gentry attracted to science b/c it could exploit resources for profit
Political interests in scientific conception of natural world to create social stability
Leaders supported scientific revolution for military advancement

19. Science and Religion Theology the final measure
Dichotomy between science & religion  growing secularization
Benedict de Spinoza ( )
Blaise Pascal ( )