1. Sub-Saharan African Empires According to AP Central, you should know and be able to discuss: 1. Political systems and cultural patterns of African Sudanic empires (Mali, Ghana, Songhay); Swahili coast 2. The rise and role of Dar al-Islam as a unifying cultural and economic force in Eurasia and Africa 3. Missionary outreach of major religions 4. To what extent was Dar al-Islam a unified cultural/political entity? 5. Compare European and sub-Saharan African contacts with the Islamic world.

2. “The majority of people today of all backgrounds, including those of African ancestry, tend to know little about Africa and its history outside of the transatlantic slave trade and perhaps colonialism. While even in these instances knowledge about these events can be at times, limited. The African continent is too often conceived of as one with no legitimate history before contact with Europeans.” -Bernie Douglas Africa in the Light of Civilization Africaresource.com

4. Ghana

5. Mali

7. Songhai

8. Great Zimbabwe: Interior African Trade of Gold to the Coast

10. Kilwa, Trading City-state of the Swahili Coast